Prevalence of human cryptosporidiosis in the Americas: systematic review and meta-analysis

Cryptosporidiosis is a disease caused by the Cryptosporidium spp parasite. As some species of Cryptosporidium have a wide host spectrum, the characterization of the pathogen at the species or genotype level is of great importance to define the sources of infection for humans and the potential for public health. This study investigated the diversity of the genus Cryptosporidium spp. in humans from all over the American continent and observed whether the method used to search for the parasite influenced the prevalence found in the Americas. This systematic review was carried out using the Pubmed, Science direct, Lilacs, Scielo, and Scopus databases with publications from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2020. For data synthesis, the PRISMA flowchart was used and for the meta-analysis we used the MetaXL program. Of the selected publications, 57, 9 and 16 belonged to the region of South, Central and North America, respectively. The prevalence found for South, Central, and North America was 7%, 7%, and 8%, respectively, when analyzing publications that used only the microscopy method. When we analyzed the publications that used immunological and molecular methods, we found prevalences of 10%, 9%, and 21% for South, Central, and North America, respectively. The C. hominis subtype IbA10G2 was the most reported in the American continent, followed by subtype IeA11G3T3 and, for C. parvum, subtype IIaA15G2RI was the most reported. In conclusion, Cryptosporidium spp. is present throughout the American continent and its prevalence is higher when immunological and/or molecular methods are used, in addition to direct microscopic examination

Whipworm infection promotes bacterial invasion, intestinal microbiota imbalance, and cellular immunomodulation

Infections with Trichuris trichiura are among the most common causes of intestinal parasitism in children worldwide, and the diagnosis is based on microscopic egg identification in the chronic phase of the infection. During parasitism, the adult worm of the trichurid nematode maintains its anterior region inserted in the intestinal mucosa, which causes serious damage and which may open access for gut microorganisms through the intestinal tissue. The immune-regulatory processes taking place during the evolution of the chronic infection are still not completely understood. By use of the Swiss Webster outbred mouse model, mice were infected with 200 eggs, and tolerance to the establishment of a chronic Trichuris muris infection was induced by the administration of a short pulse of dexamethasone during nematode early larval development. The infected mice presented weight loss, anemia, an imbalance of the microbiota, and intense immunological cell infiltration in the large intestine. It was found that mice have a mixed Th1/Th2/Th17 response, with differences being found among the different anatomical locations. After 45 days of infection, the parasitism induced changes in the microbiota composition and bacterial invasion of the large intestine epithelium. In addition, we describe that the excretory-secretory products from the nematode have anti-inflammatory effects on mouse macrophages cultured in vitro, suggesting that T. muris may modulate the immune response at the site of insertion of the worm inside mouse tissue. The data presented in this study suggest that the host immune state at 45 days postinfection with T. muris during the chronic phase of infection is the result of factors derived from the worm as well as alterations to the microbiota and bacterial invasion. Taken together, these results provide new information about the parasite-host-microbiota relationship and open new treatment possibilities.Fil: Schachter, Julieta. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológicas "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológicas; ArgentinaFil: De Oliveira, Dayane Alvarinho. Universidade do Estado de Rio do Janeiro; BrasilFil: Da Silva, Camila Marques. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: De Barros Alencar, Alba Cristina Miranda. Hospital Universitario Antonio Pedro; BrasilFil: Duarte, Michelle. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Müller Pereira da Silva, Matheus. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: De Paula Rosa Ignácio, Ana Claudia. Universidade do Estado de Rio do Janeiro; BrasilFil: Lopes Torres, Eduardo José. Universidade do Estado de Rio do Janeiro; Brasi

Avaliação epidemiológica dos casos de leishmaniose em municípios da costa leste da ilha do Marajó-PA: Epidemiological evaluation of leishmaniosis cases in municipalities of the east coast of Marajo island (PA state)

As leishmanioses são doenças enzoóticas e zoonóticas causadas por protozoários parasitas, morfologicamente similares, do gênero Leishmania, e são divididas em dois tipos: Leishmaniose Tegumentar (LT) e Leishmaniose Visceral (LV). As duas formas são consideradas endêmicas alguns municípios da Amazônia Paraense, como Soure e Salvaterra. Sendo assim, esse trabalho realizou uma avaliação epidemiológica dos casos de leishmaniose na região e avaliou a incidência de flebótomos do gênero Lutzomyia em municípios da Costa leste da ilha do marajó-PA. O levantamento de dados sobre as leishmanioses foi realizado junto às secretarias de saúde destes municípios, sobre o número de cães e humanos diagnosticados como positivo e negativo leishmaniose e também realizou-se a avaliação da incidência de flebótomos do gênero Lutzomyia nos municípios. Nos casos reverentes a Leismaniose Visceral Canina (LVC) a secretarias informaram que entre 2012 e 2017, foram realizados 292 exames, sendo que 128 tiveram resultado positivo, três indeterminados e 161 negativos, não sendo informado a origem nem o sexo dos animais. Nos casos referentes a LVH a secretarias informaram que no período de 2012 a 2017 foram notificados 230 casos suspeitos, destes 29 tiveramresultado positivo para LVH. Sobre a a LTH a secretarias informaram somente os dados dos anos de 2014 a 2017, sendo notificados 17 casos suspeitos com 4 confirmações posteriores, dois na zona urbana e dois na zona rural. Para a verificação da ocorrência de flebótomos do gênero Lutzomyia foram realizadas 70 coletas entomológicas, em três bairros e quatro comunidades, onde foram capturados 244 flebótomos do gênero Lutzomyia, com uma prevalência de machos (140) em relação a fêmeas (104). A zonal rural registrou maior número de indivíduos (198 espécimes) que a zonal urbana (46 espécimes). Os dados obtidos no estudo mostram que é necessária a realização de novos inquéritos sorológicos em cães e coletas entomológicas, para identificar o perfil atual das leishmanioses nos municípios marajoaras e traçar metas de combate e controle dessas zoonoses

High fat diet has a prominent effect upon the course of chronic schistosomiasis mansoni in mice

This study investigated whether a long-term high-fat diet has an effect on the outcome of chronic murine schistosomiasis mansoni compared to a standard diet. Swiss Webster female mice (3 weeks old) were fed each diet for up to six months and were then infected with 50 Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. Their nutritional status was assessed by monitoring total serum cholesterol and body mass. Infected mice were examined 6-17 weeks post infection to estimate the number of eggs in faeces. Mice were euthanised the next day. Total serum cholesterol was lower in infected mice in comparison to uninfected controls (p = 0.0055). In contrast, body mass (p = 0.003), liver volume (p = 0.0405), spleen volume (p = 0.0124), lung volume (p = 0.0033) and faecal (p = 0.0064) and tissue egg density (p = 0.0002) were significantly higher for infected mice fed a high-fat diet. From these findings, it is suggested that a high-fat diet has a prominent effect on the course of chronic schistosomiasis mansoni in mice

Hepatic stereology of schistosomiasis mansoni infected-mice fed a high-fat diet

High-fat diets induce weight gain and fatty liver in wild-type mice. Schistosomiasis mansoni infection also promotes hepatic injury. This study was designed to quantify hepatic alterations in schistosomiasis mansoni-infected mice fed a high fat-rich chow compared to mice fed a standard rodent chow, using stereology. Female SW mice fed each either high-fat diet (29% lipids) or standard chow (12% lipids) over 8 months, and then were infected with Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. Four experimental groups were studied: infected mice fed a high-fat diet (IHFC) or standard chow (ISC), uninfected mice fed a high-fat diet (HFC) or standard chow (SC). Mice were sacrificed during early infection (9 weeks from exposure). The following hepatic biometry and the stereology parameters were determined: volume density (hepatocytes [h], sinusoids [s], steatosis [st] and hepatic fibrosis [hf]); numerical density (hepatocyte nuclei Nv[h]); absolute number of total hepatocyte N[h], normal hepatocyte N[nh], and binucleated hepatocyte N[bh], percentage of normal hepatocyte P[nh] and binucleated hepatocyte P[bh]. IHFC and HFC groups exhibited TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, and body mass significantly greater (p < 0.05) than control group. No significant differences were found regards liver volume (p = 0.07). Significant differences were observed regards P[nh] (p = 0.0045), P[bh] (p = 0.0045), Nv[h] (p = 0.0006), N[h] (p = 0.0125), N[bh] (p = 0.0164) and N[nh] (p = 0.0078). IHFC mice group presented 29% of binucleated hepatocytes compared to HFC group (19%), ISC group (17%) and SC (6%). Volume density was significantly different between groups: Vv[h] (p = 0.0052), Vv[s] (p = 0.0025), Vv[st] (p = 0.0004), and Vv[hf] (p = 0.0007). In conclusion, schistosomiasis mansoni infection with concurrent high-fat diet promotes intensive quantitative changes in hepatic structure, contributing to an increasing on hepatic regeneration

High fat diet has a prominent effect upon the course of chronic schistosomiasis mansoni in mice

Submitted by Sandra Infurna ([email protected]) on 2018-09-24T15:52:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 renatah_neves_etal_IOC_2009.pdf: 570687 bytes, checksum: 6315cd7d245227d964f94c5b3afce860 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Sandra Infurna ([email protected]) on 2018-09-24T16:02:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 renatah_neves_etal_IOC_2009.pdf: 570687 bytes, checksum: 6315cd7d245227d964f94c5b3afce860 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-24T16:02:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 renatah_neves_etal_IOC_2009.pdf: 570687 bytes, checksum: 6315cd7d245227d964f94c5b3afce860 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Centro Biomédico. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia. Laborartório de Helmintologia Romero Lascasas Porto. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Helmintos Parasitos de Vertebrados. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Biologia. Laboratório de Morfometria e Morfologia Cardiovascular. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Biologia. Laboratório de Morfometria e Morfologia Cardiovascular. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Helmintos Parasitos de Vertebrados. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Centro Biomédico. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia. Laborartório de Helmintologia Romero Lascasas Porto. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.This study investigated whether a long-term high-fat diet has an effect on the outcome of chronic murine schistosomiasis mansoni compared to a standard diet. Swiss Webster female mice (3 weeks old) were fed each diet for up to six months and were then infected with 50 Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. Their nutritional status was assessed by monitoring total serum cholesterol and body mass. Infected mice were examined 6-17 weeks post infection to estimate the number of eggs in faeces. Mice were euthanised the next day. Total serum cholesterol was lower in infected mice in comparison to uninfected controls (p = 0.0055). In contrast, body mass (p = 0.003), liver volume (p = 0.0405), spleen volume (p = 0.0124), lung volume (p = 0.0033) and faecal (p = 0.0064) and tissue egg density (p = 0.0002) were significantly higher for infected mice fed a high-fat diet. From these findings, it is suggested that a high-fat diet has a prominent effect on the course of chronic schistosomiasis mansoni in mice

Alteraciones Somáticas Bioquímicas y hepáticas en un Tipo de Ratas Alimentadas Crónicamente con Dieta Alta en Grasas

Submitted by Sandra Infurna ([email protected]) on 2020-01-23T15:13:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JoseRobertoM_SIlva_etal_IOC_2006.pdf: 1507551 bytes, checksum: 432b8f82d3c6ece2da59812435aa2197 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Sandra Infurna ([email protected]) on 2020-01-23T15:33:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 JoseRobertoM_SIlva_etal_IOC_2006.pdf: 1507551 bytes, checksum: 432b8f82d3c6ece2da59812435aa2197 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2020-01-23T15:33:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoseRobertoM_SIlva_etal_IOC_2006.pdf: 1507551 bytes, checksum: 432b8f82d3c6ece2da59812435aa2197 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia. Laboratório de Helmintologia Roberto Lascasas Porto. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Departamento de Helmintologia. Laboratório de Helmintos Parasitos de Vertebrados. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia. Laboratório de Helmintologia Roberto Lascasas Porto. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Centro Biomédico. Instituto de Biologia. Laboratório de Morfometria e Morfologia Cardiovascular. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Centro Biomédico. Instituto de Biologia. Laboratório de Morfometria e Morfologia Cardiovascular. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia. Laboratório de Helmintologia Roberto Lascasas Porto. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Departamento de Helmintologia. Laboratório de Helmintos Parasitos de Vertebrados. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.This study evaluated whether a high fat diet (HFC group) induces overweight, hepatic steatosis and plasma lipoproteins level alteration compared to standard chow diet (SC group). Female mice were submitted to each diet over 6 months. Body mass and food intake were evaluated weekly throughout the experiment. Total cholesterol, TG, LDL-c, HDL-c and VLDL-c were analyzed. Mice were sacrificed to remove liver, spleen, heart and intestine. The volume of the organs was determined according to the submersion method. Fixed livers were embedded in paraffin and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Masson’s trichrome. The analysis used a video microscope system and a test-system with 42 test-points. The volume density was estimated for hepatocytes, steatosis and sinusoids. Animals fed HFC had smaller chow intake than SC group. HFC group presented body mass greater than SC. Animals fed HFC showed heavier liver and spleen and lighter intestine than SC (p<0.05), heart mass was not significant between groups. Plasma lipoproteins differed between groups (p<0.05) except VLDL-c and TG fractions. The liver structure was without major alteration in SC group however, HFC mice group showed different degrees of fatty degeneration with micro- and macrovesicular steatosis dispersed in all liver with typical peri-cellular/peri-sinusoidal fibrosis. The quantitative study showed significant (p<0.05) volume density reduction for hepatocytes and sinusoids. In conclusion, our results clearly show that hepatic steatosis can be induced in mouse by such a fat-rich diet without any toxin ingestion, alimentary deficiency and genes depletion

Occurrence of Capillaria sp. in the liver of sheep (Ovis aries ) in a slaughterhouse in the state of Acre, Brazil

<div><p>Abstract Although sheep farming has grown in the state of Acre over the past four decades, little is known about occurrences of helminthiases in the herds of this region. The objective of the study was to assess the occurrences of non-intestinal helminthiasis among sheep slaughtered in Rio Branco. A total of 110 sheep livers were inspected from two slaughter batches (july 2014 and march 2015) in a slaughterhouse in Rio Branco. Livers with macroscopic lesions were photographed and were then subjected to histopathological analysis under an optical microscope. The macroscopic lesions showed small nodes with inflammatory characteristics and areas of fibrosis, which appeared to be calcified, thus suggesting a granulomatous reaction. Of the 110 evaluated livers, we noticed 110 nodules in total; these nodules have an average size of 0.5 cm. The histopathological analysis showed alterations to the architecture of the hepatic lobe, with multiple foci of necrosis and polymorphonuclear cells. Two samples revealed the presence of helminths from Nematode class and Capillaria sp. eggs identified by the typical morphology and morphometry. This seems to be the first report of Capillaria sp. in sheep livers in Brazil, and it serves as an important alert regarding animal health surveillance and control and regarding the Capillaria sp. zoonotic role in humans.</p></div

Extensão acadêmica: utilizando à educação em saúde como instrumento de abordagem para a desmistificação da pediculose

Introdução: A pediculose é considerada um ectoparasito que é ocasionado pelo Pediculus humanus capitis que infesta somente o couro cabeludo do homem e que possui histórico de longa data, no qual facilita compreender todos os empirismos que surgem e são praticados, até os dias atuais, acerca dessa temática. Objetivo: Instigar a importância da pediculose para as crianças e toda a comunidade, assim como minimizar os fatores vinculados com os determinantes sociais da saúde relacionados com o piolho de cabeça. Metodologia: Estudo observacional e qualitativo, com a participação de crianças e adolescentes, com idade entre 6 e 18 anos, de escolas, centros e creches públicas do Rio de Janeiro. O desenvolvimento deste trabalho ocorreu por meio de exposições de materiais didáticos, bem como apresentação de ovos e ninfas do Pediculus humanus em microscópios, peças teatrais, rodas de conversa, quebra-cabeças, fantoches, animações em Power Point e panfletos, por meio de discentes de enfermagem que atuam no projeto de extensão de Parasitologia, para tornar mais palpável possível o conhecimento científico deste parasito. Resultados: O público-alvo a todo momento interagiu com os participantes do projeto, mostrando-se pró-ativos e interessados pela temática, além de ter sido notado as mudanças intelectuais sobre o piolho de cabeça e os comportamentos frente a este problema sociocultural. Conclusão: A importância da educação em saúde apresentada em atividades lúdicas e dinâmicas contribuiu em mudanças nos hábitos das atividades de vida diárias sobre essa doença parasitária e a relevância da participação de graduandos de Enfermagem para estimular a promoção à saúde