Everything causes cancer? Beliefs and attitudes towards cancer prevention among anti-vaxxers, flat earthers, and reptilian conspiracists: online cross sectional survey

Objective: To evaluate, using an online non-probability sample, the beliefs about and attitudes towards cancer prevention of people professing vaccination scepticism or conspiracy theories. Design: Cross sectional survey. Setting: Data collected mainly from ForoCoches (a well known Spanish forum) and other platforms, including Reddit (English), 4Chan (English), HispaChan (Spanish), and a Spanish language website for cancer prevention (mejorsincancer.org) from January to March 2022. Participants: Among 1494 responders, 209 were unvaccinated against covid-19, 112 preferred alternative rather than conventional medicine, and 62 reported flat earth or reptilian beliefs. Main outcome measures: Cancer beliefs assessed using the Cancer Awareness Measure (CAM) and Cancer Awareness Measure Mythical Causes Scale (CAM-MYCS) (both validated tools). Results: Awareness of the actual causes of cancer was greater (median CAM score 63.6%) than that of mythical causes (41.7%). The most endorsed mythical causes of cancer were eating food containing additives or sweeteners, feeling stressed, and eating genetically modified food. Awareness of the actual and mythical causes of cancer among the unvaccinated, alternative medicine, and conspiracy groups was lower than among their counterparts. A median of 54.5% of the actual causes was accurately identified among each of the unvaccinated, alternative medicine, and conspiracy groups, and a median of 63.6% was identified in each of the three corresponding counterparts (P=0.13, 0.04, and 0.003, respectively). For mythical causes, medians of 25.0%, 16.7%, and 16.7% were accurately identified in the unvaccinated, alternative medicine, and conspiracy groups, respectively; a median of 41.7% was identified in each of the three corresponding counterparts (P<0.001 in adjusted models for all comparisons). In total, 673 (45.0%) participants agreed with the statement "It seems like everything causes cancer." No significant differences were observed among the unvaccinated (44.0%), conspiracist (41.9%), or alternative medicine groups (35.7%), compared with their counterparts (45.2%, 45.7%, and 45.8%, respectively). Conclusions: Almost half of the participants agreed that "It seems like everything causes cancer," which highlights the difficulty that society encounters in differentiating actual and mythical causes owing to mass information. People who believed in conspiracies, rejected the covid-19 vaccine, or preferred alternative medicine were more likely to endorse the mythical causes of cancer than their counterparts but were less likely to endorse the actual causes of cancer. These results suggest a direct connection between digital misinformation and consequent erroneous health decisions, which may represent a further preventable fraction of cancer

Changes in the stool and oropharyngeal microbiome in obsessive-compulsive disorder

Although the etiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is largely unknown, it is accepted that OCD is a complex disorder. There is a known bi-directional interaction between the gut microbiome and brain activity. Several authors have reported associations between changes in gut microbiota and neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression or autism. Furthermore, a pediatric-onset neuropsychiatric OCD-related syndrome occurs after streptococcal infection, which might indicate that exposure to certain microbes could be involved in OCD susceptibility. However, only one study has investigated the microbiome of OCD patients to date. We performed 16S ribosomal RNA gene-based metagenomic sequencing to analyze the stool and oropharyngeal microbiome composition of 32 OCD cases and 32 age and gender matched controls. We estimated different α- and β-diversity measures and performed LEfSe and Wilcoxon tests to assess differences in bacterial distribution. OCD stool samples showed a trend towards lower bacterial α-diversity, as well as an increase of the relative abundance of Rikenellaceae, particularly of the genus Alistipes, and lower relative abundance of Prevotellaceae, and two genera within the Lachnospiraceae: Agathobacer and Coprococcus. However, we did not observe a different Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes ratio between OCD cases and controls. Analysis of the oropharyngeal microbiome composition showed a lower Fusobacteria to Actinobacteria ratio in OCD cases. In conclusion, we observed an imbalance in the gut and oropharyngeal microbiomes of OCD cases, including, in stool, an increase of bacteria from the Rikenellaceae family, associated with gut inflammation, and a decrease of bacteria from the Coprococcus genus, associated with DOPAC synthesis

Sensitivity of cervical cytology in endometrial cancer detection in a tertiary hospital in Spain

Introduction: Cervical cytology is a well-stablished cervical cancer screening method. However, due to the anatomical continuity of the genital tract, it can also detect signs of endometrial disease. Our aim was to estimate the sensitivity of cervical cytology in endometrial cancer detection and prognosis in a large population over a 30-year period in a large academic tertiary hospital in Spain. Methodology: We performed a search for women diagnosed with endometrial cancer from 1990 to 2020, who were surgically treated and had a previous cervical cytology result. Information Technologies Department databases from Bellvitge University Hospital and the Screenwide case-control study's database were used. Cervical cytology results were classified as abnormal when squamous lesions, glandular atypia or malignant cells were identified. Results: Overall, we evaluated 371 women with endometrial cancer and a documented cervical cytology performed within 3 years previous to surgical treatment. Overall, the sensitivity of cervical cytology for endometrial cancer detection was 25.6%. Several clinico-pathological characteristics, such as non-endometrioid histology and a higher stage, were correlated with higher sensitivity

G9a Inhibition Promotes Neuroprotection through GMFB Regulation in Alzheimer’s Disease

Epigenetic alterations are a fundamental pathological hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Herein, we show the upregulation of G9a and H3K9me2 in the brains of AD patients. Interestingly, treatment with a G9a inhibitor (G9ai) in SAMP8 mice reversed the high levels of H3K9me2 and rescued cognitive decline. A transcriptional profile analysis after G9ai treatment revealed increased gene expression of glia maturation factor β (GMFB) in SAMP8 mice. Besides, a H3K9me2 ChIP-seq analysis after G9a inhibition treatment showed the enrichment of gene promoters associated with neural functions. We observed the induction of neuronal plasticity and a reduction of neuroinflammation after G9ai treatment, and more strikingly, these neuroprotective effects were reverted by the pharmacological inhibition of GMFB in mice and cell cultures; this was also validated by the RNAi approach generating the knockdown of GMFB/Y507A.10 in Caenorhabditis elegans. Importantly, we present evidence that GMFB activity is controlled by G9a-mediated lysine methylation as well as we identified that G9a directly bound GMFB and catalyzed the methylation at lysine (K) 20 and K25 in vitro. Furthermore, we found that the neurodegenerative role of G9a as a GMFB suppressor would mainly rely on methylation of the K25 position of GMFB, and thus G9a pharmacological inhibition removes this methylation promoting neuroprotective effects. Then, our findings confirm an undescribed mechanism by which G9a inhibition acts at two levels, increasing GMFB and regulating its function to promote neuroprotective effects in age-related cognitive decline</p

Políticas Económicas y Desarrollo Rural: en el territorio de la Provincia de Misiones. 16H281

I) Aportes al debate conceptual sobre economía rural: Con diferentes documentos aportamos al debate teórico sobre economía rural, políticas públicas, en especial las políticas alimentarias, recuperando y adecuando conceptos desarrollados por las ciencias sociales para realidades análogas a la investigada. Participamos de instancias de formación de posgrado vinculadas directamente al tema de investigación, como docentes de posgrado de la Maestría de Políticas Sociales, y de la Maestría en Desarrollo Rural, además de numerosas cátedras de grado. Los resultados de la investigación se transfirieron con ponencias presentadas y expuestas en diversos eventos académicos como las VII Jornadas Interdisciplinarias de Estudios Agrarios y Agroindustriales 2011 del Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios Agrarios (CIEA) de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas de la UBA y el VIII Congresso Latinoamericano de Sociologia Rural: América Latina, realineamientos políticos y proyectos en disputa llevado a cabo en Recife, Pernambuco – Brasil en 2010, las que se adjuntan como parte de la producción del proyecto. II) Análisis de las políticas de regulación del mercado: preparación de una “Propuesta de Formulación Participativa de un Plan Estratégico para Yerba Mate”, una discusión metodológica sobre como formular en forma colectiva un Plan Estratégico, con la participación activa de los actores y organizaciones que forman parte de la cadena económica de la yerba mate en Argentina. Participamos en las reuniones preparatorias con integrantes de INYM (Res 028/11), INTA, UNaM, del gobierno de las provincias de Misiones y Corrientes, y de representantes sectoriales. Trabajo conjunto con la Sec de Acción Cooperativa, Mutual, Comercio e Integración de la provincia de Misiones en el debate sobre los fundamentos normativos, que en materia alimentaria, acompañan la definición de políticas macroeconómicas, elaborando un informe específico. (Ver Anexo Informe Final 2011). Participación en el 2º Encuentro Regional “PISAC Programa Investigación Sociedad Argentina Contemporánea” organizado por el Mininsterio de Ciencia, Tecnología e innovación Productiva de la Nación, el Consejo de Decanos y la Facultad de Trabajo Social - UNER. Res CD 275/09. Paraná, 8 Oct 2009. Asistencia a las IV Jornadas de Estudios Sociales Agrarios Set 2009 “Conflictividad territorial y desarrollo agrario. Visiones de América Latina”. Doctorado en Estudios Sociales Agrarios / Programa de Estudios Socio-antropológicos Agrarios. Programa de Estudios Conflictividad agraria y Desarrollo rural. Centro de Estudios Avanzados (UNC). Espacio Rural. Secretaría de Extensión (UNC). Córdoba, 9 Set 2009; al Taller Mar-Abr 2009 Enfoque Sistemas Agroalimentarios Localizados (SIAL), coordinado por Dr José MUCHNIK. Organizado por INTA – EEA Cerro Azul – AER Oberá - Min del Agro y la Producción. Oberá. 31 Mar y 1 Abr 2009. III) Estudio de estrategias de desarrollo rural, soberanía alimentaria y agroecología: Avanzamos en el análisis de algunas estrategias específicas de desarrollo rural implementadas en la Provincia de Misiones. Elaboramos documentos de trabajo como insumos para poner en debate los resultados parciales de la presente investigación, como marcos de referencia sobre desarrollo rural, soberanía alimentaria y agroecología. En este sentido confrontamos ideas y teorías, e indagamos sobre la visión agroecológica, con el fin de comprender sus límites y contradicciones. Se identificaron estrategias de desarrollo a nivel local y provincial con un interés exploratorio que permitiera dar cuenta de la diversidad de situaciones y características. Se tomo contacto directo con algunos grupos en el ámbito territorial, para profundizar sobre modos de organización y gestión, principales actividades proyectos y demandas, y las redes de las que participan, entre los que podemos mencionar. Preparación para publicación de trabajos de manejo sustentables de cultivos en el marco del PRASY (Programa Regional de Asistencia al Sector Yerbatero) INYM, en colaboración con el equipo técnico de la ong INDES: Desarrollo de Experiencias (semilleros) en la multiplicación de semillas de cubiertas verdes para el cultivo de yerba mate” Expte. Nº 0250/07, aprobado por resolución Nº 016/08. Instituto Nacional de la Yerba Mate. Preparación de información para la preparación de folleto sobre “poroto sable” y “mucuna enana”. Participación en el equipo de Sistematización de Experiencias en Desarrollo Rural. Desde el Proyecto Regional MNES 12, el INTA realizó una convocatoria a otras instituciones que trabajan en la provincia en el área de desarrollo. Se consolidó así un espacio interinstitucional integrado por INTA-Misiones e IPAF-NEA, Subsecretaría de Desarrollo Rural y Agricultura Familiar (SSDRyAF), Instituto de Desarrollo Social y Promoción Humana (INDES) y Unión de Trabajadores Técnicos Rurales de Misiones (UTTERMI). Participamos en reuniones, encuentros de trabajo, de los que se sistematizaron algunos debates en torno a estrategias de comercialización alternativas, y se realizaron algunas entrevistas con algunos informantes claves acerca de sus problemas, demandas y perspectivas. Elaboración del Informe “Cambios en las estrategias de comercialización de los productores rurales del nordeste de Misiones” (beca CEDIT). A partir de viajes a la sede de la Unión de Trabajadores Rurales (UTR) localizada en la ciudad de Bernardo de Irigoyen y de realización de entrevistas semiestructuradas a miembros del equipo técnico y productores se sistematizó la experiencia de comercialización de lechones la que fue presentada en Marzo de 2009 en la Jornada de Iniciación en la Investigación organizada por el CEDIT. Ensayo sobre “Agroecología y pequeños productores en la Provincia de Misiones” debatiendo sobre la relación entre Agroecología y Campesinado y un segundo informe “Reflexiones sobre la caracterización conceptual del campesinado en Argentina y Misiones” que partiendo de los debates clásicos acerca del campesinado, avanza sobre la consideración del tema en Argentina y en Misiones. Vinculación y Transferencia: Se desarrollaron numerosas actividades en vinculación y transferencia con otros proyectos de investigación y extensión, que permitieron el enriquecimiento mutuo de los equipos. Entre ellas cabe mencionar la respuesta a demandas específicas de información, acompañamiento técnico y capacitación de diferentes organizaciones sociales e instituciones públicas de la región sobre la temática de la investigación: Participación en la implementación de los Proyectos “UNAM-12 - Desarrollo participativo de herramientas apropiadas de gestión, administración y planificación para organizaciones de agricultores de la Provincia de Misiones” (Convocatoria 2011) e “Incorporación de técnicas y herramientas participativas de gestión y mercadeo para el fortalecimiento de la comercialización colectiva de la Unión de Trabajadores Rurales del Nordeste Misionero.” (Convocatoria 2010 del Programa de Voluntariado Universitario - Secretaría de Políticas Universitarias - Ministerio de Educación, Ciencia y Tecnología), cuyas actividades tuvieron estrecha vinculación con el Seminario de Economía Social del Profesorado en Ciencias Económicas, en un esfuerzo novedoso de articulación de actividades de investigación, académicas y de extensión universitaria. Como resultado de dicho proceso y con los aportes de los alumnos del Seminario se elaboró un informe sobre “Potencialidad para la producción, faena y comercialización porcina en el nordeste de Misiones”. Coordinación del Proyecto de Voluntariado Universitario “UNAM-6 Acceso a la información y reconocimiento de derechos sobre la propiedad de la tierra, en NE Misiones. Fortalecimiento de organizaciones de agricultores familiares.” (Convocatoria 2011 Programa Nacional de Voluntariado Universitario, Secretaría de Políticas Universitarias, del Ministerio de Educación de la Nación. FHyCS, UNaM. Participación en el relevamiento de tipo censal de las principales dimensiones socio-económicas de la población de trabajadores rurales en Yerba Mate. Las actividades de investigación se articulan con el Primer Relevamiento Provincial de Tareferos de la Provincia de Misiones que se desarrolla en el marco del Convenio de Cooperación entre la Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales y el Gobierno de la Provincia de Misiones. Desarrollo de actividades vinculadas al Estudio cualitativo del Relevamiento de Tareferos a partir de entrevistas con las familias de los trabajadores. A nivel académico, contribuimos a la formulación del Proyecto y puesta en marcha de la Carrera de Maestría en Desarrollo Rural de la UNaM, que en uno de sus objetivos plantea “integrar en la formación el aporte de las distintas disciplinas que confluyen en la problemática del desarrollo rural, desde una perspectiva de investigación y desarrollo, con énfasis en las características de las estructuras agrarias del NEA”. También se aportó a la formulación de los contenidos propuestos para varios módulos. Coorganización del Seminario Internacional “Agroecológica para un Desarrollo Sustentable en la Región de la Triple Frontera”. Resolución C.D. 070/11. FHyCS, desarrollado en Posadas el 2 y 3 de Junio de 2011. Colaboramos en la organización de la Jornada Abierta “Hablemos de Economía Social… nuevas experiencias en formación” con alumnos del Seminario de Economía Social - Departamento del Profesorado en Ciencias Económicas - FHyCS. Posadas. 14 Set de 2011

Prospective individual patient data meta-analysis of two randomized trials on convalescent plasma for COVID-19 outpatients

Data on convalescent plasma (CP) treatment in COVID-19 outpatients are scarce. We aimed to assess whether CP administered during the first week of symptoms reduced the disease progression or risk of hospitalization of outpatients. Two multicenter, double-blind randomized trials (NCT04621123, NCT04589949) were merged with data pooling starting when = 50 years and symptomatic for <= 7days were included. The intervention consisted of 200-300mL of CP with a predefined minimum level of antibodies. Primary endpoints were a 5-point disease severity scale and a composite of hospitalization or death by 28 days. Amongst the 797 patients included, 390 received CP and 392 placebo; they had a median age of 58 years, 1 comorbidity, 5 days symptoms and 93% had negative IgG antibody-test. Seventy-four patients were hospitalized, 6 required mechanical ventilation and 3 died. The odds ratio (OR) of CP for improved disease severity scale was 0.936 (credible interval (CI) 0.667-1.311); OR for hospitalization or death was 0.919 (CI 0.592-1.416). CP effect on hospital admission or death was largest in patients with <= 5 days of symptoms (OR 0.658, 95%CI 0.394-1.085). CP did not decrease the time to full symptom resolution

Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level.

Importance: Early diagnosis of retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular cancer, can save both a child's life and vision. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that many children across the world are diagnosed late. To our knowledge, the clinical presentation of retinoblastoma has never been assessed on a global scale. Objectives: To report the retinoblastoma stage at diagnosis in patients across the world during a single year, to investigate associations between clinical variables and national income level, and to investigate risk factors for advanced disease at diagnosis. Design, Setting, and Participants: A total of 278 retinoblastoma treatment centers were recruited from June 2017 through December 2018 to participate in a cross-sectional analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed in 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures: Age at presentation, proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, and tumor stage and metastasis. Results: The cohort included 4351 new patients from 153 countries; the median age at diagnosis was 30.5 (interquartile range, 18.3-45.9) months, and 1976 patients (45.4%) were female. Most patients (n = 3685 [84.7%]) were from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Globally, the most common indication for referral was leukocoria (n = 2638 [62.8%]), followed by strabismus (n = 429 [10.2%]) and proptosis (n = 309 [7.4%]). Patients from high-income countries (HICs) were diagnosed at a median age of 14.1 months, with 656 of 666 (98.5%) patients having intraocular retinoblastoma and 2 (0.3%) having metastasis. Patients from low-income countries were diagnosed at a median age of 30.5 months, with 256 of 521 (49.1%) having extraocular retinoblastoma and 94 of 498 (18.9%) having metastasis. Lower national income level was associated with older presentation age, higher proportion of locally advanced disease and distant metastasis, and smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma. Advanced disease at diagnosis was more common in LMICs even after adjusting for age (odds ratio for low-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 17.92 [95% CI, 12.94-24.80], and for lower-middle-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 5.74 [95% CI, 4.30-7.68]). Conclusions and Relevance: This study is estimated to have included more than half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017. Children from LMICs, where the main global retinoblastoma burden lies, presented at an older age with more advanced disease and demonstrated a smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, likely because many do not reach a childbearing age. Given that retinoblastoma is curable, these data are concerning and mandate intervention at national and international levels. Further studies are needed to investigate factors, other than age at presentation, that may be associated with advanced disease in LMICs

Exploring genetic variants in obsessive compulsive disorder severity: A GWAS approach

BACKGROUND: The severity of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) varies significantly among probands. No study has specifically investigated the genetic base of OCD severity. A previous study from our group found an OCD polygenic risk score to predict pre- and post-treatment severity. This study explores the genomic bases of OCD severity. METHODS: We administered the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) to 401 patients at their first visit to our clinic to measure their OCD severity. Genotyping data was collected by using the Infinium PsychArray-24 BeadChip kit (Illumina). We analyzed genetic association with OCD severity in a linear regression analysis at single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)- and gene-levels, this last also considering rare variants. Enrichment analyses were performed from gene-based analyses' results. RESULTS: No SNP reached significant association (p < 10-8) with the YBOCS. Six markers showed suggestive association (p < 10-5). The top SNP was an intergenic variant in chromosome 2: rs7578149 (p < 1.89 × 10-6), located in a region suggestively associated with MDD. Linkage disequilibrium was found for two clusters of SNPs located between SLC16A14 and SP110 in chromosome 2, all of them forming one peak of association. Enrichment analyses revealed OCD genes to be associated with porin activity (FDR = 0.01) and transmembrane structure (FDR = 0.04). LIMITATIONS: The size of the sample and the transversal nature of the severity measure are limitations of this study. CONCLUSION: This study contributes to better characterize OCD at an individual level, helping to know more about the prognosis of the disorder and develop more individualized treatmentsThis study was supported in part by the Carlos III Health Institute (PI16/00950, PI18/00856); FEDER funds (‘A way to build Europe’) and by the Agency for Management of University and Research Grants of the Catalan Government (2014SGR1672). MA was supported by the Secretariat for Universities and Research of the Ministry of Business and Knowledge of the Government of Catalonia. Grant co-funded by the European Social Fund (ESF) “ESF, Investing in your future” (2017 FI_B 00327). ER was supported by a Juan Rodés contract (JR14/00038

Opto-Chemical and laser properties of a novel fluorescent antiestrogen derivative and its potential applications in breast cancer photodynamic chemotherapy

Trabajo presentado en SHIFT 2017-Spectral Shaping for Biomedical and Energy Applications, celebrado en Tenerife (España) del 13 al 17 de noviembre de 2017.Tamoxifen is the most common antiestrogen used in the chronic treatment of breast cancer. In these cells, it mainly binds to intracellular receptors (estrogen receptor alpha, ER) and antagonizes the binding of its cognate ligand, 17ß-estradiol, thereby preventing uncontrolled hormonedependent cellular proliferation and growth. In the last decade, in our laboratories we have developed and characterized different tamoxifen derivatives, including a novel fluorescent tamoxifen conjugate: FLTX1. FLTX1 is formed by the covalent binding of tamoxifen to a common fluorescent biomarker NBD. This new prodrug was originally designed as a fluorescent biomarker to localize intracellular targets, which not only keeps the pharmacological activity of tamoxifen but also adds a luminescent functionality. Strikingly, the quantum efficiency of FLTX1 is so high that laser emission has been obtained as an emerging property. In this presentation, we will show its laser properties under three different configurations. First, as amplified spontaneous emission or mirrorless laser; second, through the evanescent field of WGMs of a ring resonator around an optical fiber; and finally as random laser in uterine tissues impregnated with the prodrug. In consideration of these properties, we have moved a step forward, under the hypothesis that in combination with a photosensitizer, such Rose Bengal (RB), FLTX1 might be used for photodynamic therapy. Under this paradigm, the new complex would act as a sensitizer in ER - overexpressing cells (which feature the most prevalent form of hormone-dependent breast cancer). Thus, when optically excited, FLTX1 would transfer its energy to RB, which, in turn, would relax producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) that eventually would induce cell death. The advantage of using FLTX1 to activate RB is the selectivity exhibited by FLTX1 to target cells overexpressing ER , i.e. estrogen-dependent breast cancer cells. This approach would reduce the damage of other non-cancer (healthy) cells or surrounding tissues. We show here the results that confirm efficient energy transfer (FRET) between FLTX1 and RB, and demonstrate the subsequent generation of ROS. Moreover, we have designed a new FLTX1-RB complex covalently bound through a short linker and explored its opto-chemical properties. This is an original cancer therapy strategy that combines the pharmacological properties of tamoxifen and its laser dye features with a highly selective photodynamic therapy.Supported by Research grant SAF2014-61644-EXP from MINECO (Spain).Peer Reviewe