Investigations of ternary complexes of Co(II) and Ni(II) with oxydiacetate anion and 1,10-phenanthroline or 2,2′-bipyridine in solutions

The article presents the situation of reused wastewater globally. At the outset we describe the parameters used to establish the higher or lower water deficit are, as well as the different regions where water supplies are under stress. The main causes of the worldwide increase of this problematic are reviewed. It includes a brief survey of historical events related to the use of wastewater and a description of the possible applications of this resource. Worldwide, the status of reused waters for different countries and regions is reviewed based on studies conducted in 2008 and 2013. The essay addresses the main reasons for the continued growth of reused wastewater in the future, whose expansion parallels advances in its treatment, and identifies the countries where a further increase of it is expected. It also describes how modern technologies for treating wastewater allow for its direct or indirect use for drinking purposes, indicating the most significant examples of this trend.El artículo presenta el estado de la reutilización de aguas residuales a escala mundial. Inicialmente se describen los parámetros que definen el mayor o menor déficit de agua, y se muestran las distintas regiones con déficit hídrico. Se revisan las principales causas que provocan el aumento en todo el mundo de esta problemática. Se incluye una breve reseña sobre sucesos históricos relacionados con el uso de aguas residuales, y se describen los usos posibles de las mismas. Se revisa el estado de la reutilización a escala mundial en los distintos países y regiones, según dos estudios realizados en 2008 y 2013. Finalmente se apuntan las principales razones para un continuo crecimiento de la reutilización de aguas residuales en el futuro, que crece paralelamente a la mejora en su tratamiento, identificando los países donde se espera mayor crecimiento. También se describe como las modernas tecnologías para el tratamiento de aguas residuales, permiten el uso directo o indirecto de las aguas regeneradas utilizándolas como aguas potables, describiendo los ejemplos más significativos

Effect of Tetraphenylborate on Physicochemical Properties of Bovine Serum Albumin

The binding interactions of bovine serum albumin (BSA) with tetraphenylborate ions ([B(Ph)4]−) have been investigated by a set of experimental methods (isothermal titration calorimetry, steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and circular dichroism spectroscopy) and molecular dynamics-based computational approaches. Two sets of structurally distinctive binding sites in BSA were found under the experimental conditions (10 mM cacodylate buffer, pH 7, 298.15 K). The obtained results, supported by the competitive interactions experiments of SDS with [B(Ph)4]− for BSA, enabled us to find the potential binding sites in BSA. The first site is located in the subdomain I A of the protein and binds two [B(Ph)4]− ions (logK(ITC)1 = 7.09 ± 0.10; ΔG(ITC)1 = −9.67 ± 0.14 kcal mol−1; ΔH(ITC)1 = −3.14 ± 0.12 kcal mol−1; TΔS(ITC)1 = −6.53 kcal mol−1), whereas the second site is localized in the subdomain III A and binds five ions (logK(ITC)2 = 5.39 ± 0.06; ΔG(ITC)2 = −7.35 ± 0.09 kcal mol−1; ΔH(ITC)2 = 4.00 ± 0.14 kcal mol−1; TΔS(ITC)2 = 11.3 kcal mol−1). The formation of the {[B(Ph)4]−}–BSA complex results in an increase in the thermal stability of the alfa-helical content, correlating with the saturation of the particular BSA binding sites, thus hindering its thermal unfolding