Análisis Fonético de la Vocal [ᵾ] de la Lengua Damana Perteneciente a una Comunidad Indígena de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia

En este proyecto de investigación describimos las características acústicas de la vocal [ᵾ] de la lengua Damana, representada por el fonema /ə/, en la producción oral de un hablante nativo miembro de la comunidad Wiwa de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. Este estudio implementó una metodología mixta (cualitativa- cuantitativa). Los datos fueron recolectados por medio de entrevistas grabadas usando dos tablas, la primera tabla relacionada con las vocales del Damana, en está el participante debía pronunciar cada vocal; y la segunda tabla, en la cual el participante debía pronunciar una lista de palabras en Damana. Los audios fueron analizados con el software PRAAT, permitiéndonos obtener los valores de los formantes 1 y 2 de cada muestra. Cada una de las muestras fue representada en una gráfica lineal para observar la posición de los valores, y luego las muestras se reunieron en una gráfica lineal, para evaluar posibles diferencias entre estas. Los resultados indicaron que la vocal [ᵾ] tenía características acústicas de una vocal central- media. Además, estas características acústicas pueden variar según la posición silábica en la que se encuentre

Rate coefficient for the reaction of Cl atoms with cis-3-hexene at 296 ± 2 K

The rate coefficient of the cis-3-hexene + Cl atoms reaction at 296 ± 2 K and 750 ± 10 Torr was determined using the relative rate technique. The reaction was investigated using an 80 L Teflon reaction bag and a gas chromatograph coupled with flame-ionization detection. Chlorine atoms were produced by the photolysis of trichloroacetyl chloride. No previous experimental data was available in the literature, to the best of our knowledge. The mean second-order rate coefficient value found was (4.13 ± 0.51) × 10-10 cm3 molecule-1 s-1. The experimental value agrees with the rate coefficient estimated by structure-reactivity analysis, 4.27 × 10-10 cm3 molecule-1 s-1. Moreover, both addition and hydrogen abstraction channels contribute to the global kinetics, with branching ratios 70:30. Effective lifetime with respect to Cl atoms is predicted as 67.2 hours; however, the cis-3-hexene + Cl channel is suggested to be non-negligible at atmospheric conditions. Other atmospheric implications are discussed.Fil: Barbosa, Thaís S.. Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Barrera, Javier Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-química de Córdoba. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-química de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Jara Toro, Rafael Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-química de Córdoba. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-química de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Bauerfeldt, Glauco F.. Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Arbilla, Graciela. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Lane, Silvia Irene. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-química de Córdoba. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-química de Córdoba; Argentin

Efecto del tratamiento con dipropionato de imidocarb sobre los días abiertos en vacas lactantes (Alcalá, Valle del Cauca)

Los días abiertos corresponden al tiempo que pasa desde el día del parto hasta que la vaca vuelve a quedar preñada. En las lecherías es un indicador que debería ser bajo, por lo que mejorar el bienestar de las vacas debería contribuir a que se mantenga así. El dipropionato de imidocarb es un fármaco indicado para el tratamiento de Anaplasma spp, Babesia spp que causan en el bovino un cuadro agudo que se caracteriza principalmente por fiebre, anemia y hemoglobinuria, que si el animal supera lo va a llevar a un estado de infección persistente. El propósito de esta investigación fue conocer el efecto del dipropionato de imidocarb como antihemoparásitario en los días abiertos al controlar los síntomas que manifiestan los animales al estar infectados con Anaplasma spp o Babesia spp. Para esto se seleccionó un grupo de 20 vacas de la hacienda La Abuelita ubicada en Alcalá, Valle del Cauca, que estaban próximas a parir y presentaban una alta presencia de garrapatas. Teniendo en cuenta que la región es endémica para hemoparásitos después del parto se procedió a aplicar una dosis de dipropionato de imidocarb (Imizol® 120mg/ml) a un grupo de 10 vacas (3 mg/kg) y se contaron los días hasta que se detectó preñez. Con los resultados se realizó la prueba estadística t-Student y se determinó que no hay diferencia significativa entre los animales tratados y los no tratados

Fusiones y adquisiciones, concentración y poder de mercado en el sector bancario colombiano (2000 - 2011)

En la última década se ha presentado un fenómeno de consolidación de los establecimientos bancarios en Colombia a través de procesos de fusiones y adquisiciones, lo que se refleja en un mayor índice de concentración que podría traducirse en poder de mercado que implique mayores beneficios económicos de dichas entidades producto de un mayor margen de intermediación. El público en general, considera que estos procesos han provocado una mayor rentabilidad de los establecimientos y un mayor poder frente a los consumidores en detrimento de la calidad del servicio y dificultando a su vez la movilidad entre las entidades, lo que se traduce en una percepción negativa de este sector en el país que va en contravía de las intenciones gubernamentales de incrementar el nivel de bancarización.40 p.Contenido parcial: Algunos elementos teóricos que justifican las fusiones y adquisiciones -- Establecimientos bancarios en Colombia -- Medidas de concentración y poder de mercado -- Cálculos de concentración en el sector bancario en Colombia

Micromechanical behavior of thermal barrier coatings after isothermal oxidation

Thermal protection of metallic components by using ceramic coatings like thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) is widely used, in rocket engines, aircraft industry and gas turbines for power generation to reduce the substrate temperature up to 165°C. This technology diminishes the heat transfer in combustor, initial rotor blades and nozzles guide vanes, so that turbines have taken special advantage of these coatings to meet increasing demands for greater fuel efficiency, lower NOx emissions and higher power and thrust [1]. Thermal barrier coatings, apart from thermal protection are also used to protect against abrasion, oxidation and corrosion [2]. The understanding of the mechanical behavior of TBCs in both as-sprayed and thermal loading conditions is of great importance for the evaluation of components life. However, it is challenging to determine the true mechanical behavior because of the substantial differences, between each layer (TC, BC, and substrate), since the difficulty to prepare the sample´s surface and its high contents of pores, cracks and defects. This work reports on the mechanical characterization of APS 6-8 wt.% yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) as top layer bonded by an HVOF NiCoCrAlY layer to a superalloy substrate (Inconel 625) using the micro- and nano-indentation techniques on test specimens after being subjected to isothermal-oxidation at 1100°C and different time exposition (0, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000, and 1700 hours). Observations under optical and SEM microscopy were performed in order to study the variation of the mechanical properties such as hardness, young’s modulus, and fracture toughness within the ceramic top layer after isothermal oxidation. The hardness and Young’s modulus of the ceramic layer showed an increase until 600h exposition which can be explained by sintering phenomenon. From 600h up to 1700h the Young’s showed a stabilization due to the equilibrium of sintering and phase transformation mechanisms, but hardness continued its increasing rate. The fracture toughness of the ceramic coating showed a softening condition of about 23% during the whole range of time for isothermal oxidation as a consequence of the detriment of the ceramic layer. Results show that sintering phenomena, TGO growth and phase transformation give a complex state of stresses of the coating system which will have great influence on its performance during regime operation. It is concluded damage of the coating is proportional to the extent of time exposition

Desenvolvimento de estratégias de compreensão de leitura para o teste “ICFES Supérate†de 11º ano

This article presents the results of an action research entitled “Development of Reading Comprehension Strategies for the high school Icfes (Supérate) tests, eleventh grade.†This pre-experimental research was carried out with a group of eleventh grade of the Santa Teresa de Jesús school in the city of Armenia, Quindío. The students had a poor level of comprehension of texts in English. This type of study requires a pre-test and a post-test, the former served as a means to evaluate the performance of the students in real tests, followed by a training course on more convenient reading strategies for the type of questions used in the high school Icfes (Supérate) tests, eleventh grade (ISG11, for its initials in Spanish)*. The post-test measured their performance after having finished their training in reading strategies. The purpose of this research was to improve their performance in the analysis of English texts, and to measure how training affects the performance of students in the ISG11 tests. It is concluded from this study that the reading workshops improved the students’ ability to understand readings as well as the degree of familiarity with the English section of the ISG11 tests. This research provides a guide to train students in how to answer this type of test. It was demonstrated that with the training in reading comprehension and recognition of the type of items present in the English session of the ISG11 tests, students are better prepared to overcome their difficulties. As a result of this, the students had a positive performance in the real ISG11 tests, raising for the first time in five years the level of English in the institution.Este articulo presenta los resultados de una investigación acción titulada “Desarrollo de estrategias de comprensión de lectura para las pruebas Supérate de grado 11â€. Esta investigación pre experimental fue llevada a cabo con un grupo de grado 11 del colegio Santa Teresa de Jesús de la Ciudad de Armenia, Quindío. Los estudiantes presentaban un nivel deficiente en comprensión de textos en inglés. Este tipo de estudio requiere un pre test y un post test, el primero sirvió como medio para evaluar el desempeño de los estudiantes en las pruebas reales, seguido de un curso de entrenamiento en estrategias de lectura más convenientes para el tipo de preguntas usadas en las pruebas Icfes Supérate de grado 11 (ISG11). El pos test midió su desempeño luego de haber finalizado el entrenamiento en estrategias de lectura. El propósito de esta investigación era mejorar el desempeño en el análisis de textos en inglés y medir cómo el entrenamiento incide en el desempeño de los estudiantes en las pruebas ISG11. Se concluye de este estudio que los talleres de lectura mejoraron la capacidad de los estudiantes para comprender lecturas como también el grado de familiaridad con la sección de inglés de las pruebas ISG11. Esta investigación proporciona una guía para entrenar a los estudiantes a responder este tipo de test. Fue demostrado que con el entrenamiento en comprensión de lectura y reconocimiento del tipo de ítems presente en la sesión de inglés de las pruebas ISG11, los estudiantes están mejor preparados para superar sus dificultades. Como resultado de esto, los estudiantes tuvieron un desempeño positivo en las pruebas reales ISG11, aumentando por primera vez en cinco años el nivel de inglés en la institución.Este artigo apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa-ação intitulada “Desenvolvimento de estratégias de compreensão de leitura para o teste ‘Supérate’ de 11º anoâ€. Esta pesquisa pré-experimental foi realizada com um grupo de alunos de 11º ano da escola Santa Teresa de Jesus da cidade de Armenia, Quindio. Os alunos apresentaram um nível deficiente na compreensão de textos em inglês. Este tipo de estudo requer um pré-teste e um pós-teste, o primeiro serviu para avaliar o desempenho dos alunos nos testes reais, seguido de um curso de treinamento sobre as estratégias de leitura mais convenientes para o tipo de perguntas utilizadas no teste “ICFES Supérate†de 11º ano (ISG11). O pós-teste mediu seu desempenho após ter terminado o treinamento em estratégias de leitura. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi melhorar o desempenho na análise de textos em inglês e mensurar a forma em que o treinamento afeta o desempenho dos alunos no teste ISG11. Conclui-se, a partir deste estudo, que os workshops de leitura melhoram a capacidade dos alunos em compreender as leituras, bem como o grau de familiaridade com a secção de inglês do teste ISG11. Esta pesquisa fornece um guia para treinar os alunos a responder a esse tipo de teste. Foi demonstrado que, com o treinamento em compreensão de leitura e reconhecimento do tipo de itens presentes na secção de inglês do teste ISG11, os alunos estão mais bem preparados para superar suas dificuldades. Como resultado disso, os alunos tiveram um desempenho positivo nos testes reais ISG11, aumentando pela primeira vez em cinco anos o nível de inglês da instituição

High performance reduced order modeling techniques based on optimal energy quadrature: application to geometrically non-linear multiscale inelastic material modeling

A High-Performance Reduced-Order Model (HPROM) technique, previously presented by the authors in the context of hierarchical multiscale models for non linear-materials undergoing infinitesimal strains, is generalized to deal with large deformation elasto-plastic problems. The proposed HPROM technique uses a Proper Orthogonal Decomposition procedure to build a reduced basis of the primary kinematical variable of the micro-scale problem, defined in terms of the micro-deformation gradient fluctuations. Then a Galerkin-projection, onto this reduced basis, is utilized to reduce the dimensionality of the micro-force balance equation, the stress homogenization equation and the effective macro-constitutive tangent tensor equation. Finally, a reduced goal-oriented quadrature rule is introduced to compute the non-affine terms of these equations. Main importance in this paper is given to the numerical assessment of the developed HPROM technique. The numerical experiments are performed on a micro-cell simulating a randomly distributed set of elastic inclusions embedded into an elasto-plastic matrix. This micro-structure is representative of a typical ductile metallic alloy. The HPROM technique applied to this type of problem displays high computational speed-ups, increasing with the complexity of the finite element model. From these results, we conclude that the proposed HPROM technique is an effective computational tool for modeling, with very large speed-ups and acceptable accuracy levels with respect to the high-fidelity case, the multiscale behavior of heterogeneous materials subjected to large deformations involving two well-separated scales of length.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Perceived Organizational Coherence Survey: Psychometric Properties in a Multicultural Sample

Frequent changes in commerce, economy, technology, finance, and regulations demand from organizations arrangements that may trigger inner disruptive effects if employees do not identify its meaning and coherence. Therefore, coherence is becoming relevant in psychology, organizational theory, and management. The current research aims to define a conceptual framework to examine coherence perceptions in organizational settings and develop a psychometric instrument to assess them. With a sample of 2053 employees from companies in Spain, Mexico, and Colombia, and through confirmatory factor analysis, we found, according to hypotheses, a four factors model with good fit indexes. There was no convincing evidence of factorial invariance because a few items promoted this condition, although they may be modified to tune up the measure in each country. This conceptual approach and the instrument designed are novel options for looking into perceived organizational coherence

Exploring the Nature of the Energy Barriers on the Mechanism of the Zirconocene-Catalyzed Ethylene Polymerization: A Quantitative Study from Reaction Force Analysis

Ethylene polymerization mediated by methyl-bis(cyclopentadienyl)-zirconium or zirconocene catalyst, [ZrCp₂CH₃]⁺, is one of the most popular catalytic reaction for polyethylene production. Rationalizing the major effects that control the polymer growth result in a challenge for computational studies. Through quantum chemical calculations, we characterized the zirconocene ethylene polymerization reaction mechanism: chain initiation (I; first ethylene insertion) [ZrCp₂CH₂CH₂CH₃]⁺, chain propagation (P; from second (P₁) to ninth (P₉) ethylene insertion) [ZrCp₂ (CH₂)₂₀CH₃]⁺, and chain termination processes (T; β-hydrogen elimination from P₅ or P₉) [ZrHCp₂ (H₂C═CH(CH₂)₁₈CH₃]⁺ are analyzed through the potential energy surface (PES) and reaction force analysis (RFA). The RFA approach involves pulling out the portion of an activation barrier that corresponds to distorting reactants into the geometries they adopt in a transition state structure until it reaches the structural relaxation toward the equilibrium geometry of the product. Because the interactions between the zirconocene and the ethylene molecule are influenced by a combination of several kinds of steric and electronic effects, it is indispensable to understanding these interactions in order to rationalize and predict in a quantitative manner the reaction barrier heights and the concomitant polymer growth. In the present work, we employ a simple procedure within the framework of the RFA and the density functional steric energy decomposition analysis (EDA) approach to quantitatively separate the different types of interactions; steric (ΔE_s), electrostatic (ΔE_e), and quantum (ΔE_q) effects in order to predict the impact of each factor on the course of the polymerization process as well as for the polymer control and design