Effect of substrate on the in vitro protein digestibility of extracts generated by Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Se evaluó el efecto del tipo de sustrato a fermentar por Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc) sobre la digestibilidad in vitro de la proteína cruda (Divcp y Div2h), de la proteína verdadera (Dtp) y la tasa de degradación de proteína (kdcp) en diferentes extractos proteicos producidos por esta levadura. Estos fueron generados a través de un método biotecnológico (fermentación en estado sólido). Se utilizaron como sustratos (tratamientos del experimento) paja de trigo, TWS; paja de cebada, TBS; rastrojo de ají, TCS; cascara de avena, TOH y almidón-glucosa en polvo, TSP (control). Para el cultivo de Sc con los sustratos a evaluar, se agregaron 2 mL de una solución de inóculo de Sc (6,7×106 sporas mL-1) a 12 mL de medio de cultivo, junto con 2 g de sustrato vegetal (materia seca), más una fuente de nitrógeno. La incubación fue mantenida por 7 días bajo condición aeróbica, a una temperatura constante de 26 °C (pH 5). El contenido promedio de PC de la biomasa de levadura generada fue de 45%. Luego de realizar la extracción de la biomasa de Sc, se midió la digestibilidad in vitro de sus proteínas en dos fases (pepsina/tripsina-pancreatina). Los resultados permitieron observar un efecto del tipo de sustrato fermentado (P≤0,001) sobre la Divcp y Dtp (P≤0,01). La mayor digestibilidad (Divcp) fue obtenida con TSP (78,9% PC) y la menor con TCS (67,1% PC). También, se pudo apreciar diferencias entre los tratamientos (P≤0,01) para la velocidad de degradación (kdcp). La medición de un 71,8% (promedio) para Divcp, 16,4% h-1 (promedio) para kdcp, y un contenido satisfactorio de PC, permiten sugerir que este extracto de Sc posee el potencial para llegar a constituir una alternativa como suplemento proteico para nutrición animal.The in vitro crude protein (CP) digestibility (Divcp), true protein digestibility (Dtp) and degradation rate (kdcp) were measured in different protein extracts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc) yeast. These extracts were generated through a biotechnological method (solid state fermentation). Wheat straw (TWS), barley straw (TBS), chili stubble (TCS), oats hull (TOH) and starch-glucose powder (TSP; control) were used as substrates for fermentation by Sc, and their effect on the aforementioned kinetic parameters in the generated cellular biomass was evaluated. In 12 mL cultivation medium, 2 mL Sc solution inoculum (6.7×106 spores mL-1) was added together with 2 g vegetable substrate (dry) and additional nitrogen source, and the mixture was incubated for 7 days at a constant temperature (26°C at pH 5) under aerobic conditions. The average CP content of the yeast biomass (DM) was of 45%. The Divcp and Dtp were analyzed (two phases: pepsin/trypsin-pancreatin) after the extraction of the yeast biomass, and an effect of the fermented substrate on these values (P≤0.001 and P≤0.01, respectively) was observed. The greatest digestibility (Divcp) was obtained with TSP (78.9% CP) and the lowest with TCS (67.1% CP). In addition, differences in the kdcp between the treatments were also observed (P≤0.01). The high contents of CP, Divcp (71.8% on average) and kdcp (16.4% h-1 on average) suggest that Sc yeast biomass has the potential to become an alternative for the production of animal protein supplements

Root and Aboveground Traits Expressed by Landraces and Interspecific Hybrid of Alfalfa (\u3cem\u3eMedicago sativa\u3c/em\u3e. Hybr. (Alborea)) with Putative Drought Tolerance in Mediterranean Environments

Alfalfa’s drought tolerance has not been a major breeding target until recently, and the extent of genetic variation for this trait and its contributing mechanisms have not been thoroughly elucidated. Eight populations, including four landraces (Alta Sierra, Aragon, APG6567, APG44669), two Australian cultivars (Venus and Genesis), and two interspecific hybrids (AF3448 and AF3347) of alfalfa were selected based on their outstanding breeding values for dry matter production and plant persistence in Mediterranean drought-prone environments. The objective of this work was to evaluate the below and above ground phenotypic expression of these drought-tolerant alfalfa accessions, in order to identify morpho- physiological mechanisms conferring to alfalfa greater agronomical performance in drought-prone environments. Individual plants of each population were established on mesocosms of PVC tubes 11 cm in diameter and 100 cm in depth. Plants were grown at two water regimes: with water deficit (WD) and well- watered (WW). Both trials were organized in a complete block design with four replicates. Plant height, stem elongation rate, shoot dry matter, chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, canopy temperature, leaf area, specific leaf area, crown diameter, relative length density, and root dry matter at 0-30, 30-60 y 60-100 cm were determined. The water regime affected significantly the phenotypic expression of all above and belowground morpho-physiological traits evaluated (P \u3c 0.05), which resulted in a 40% reduction in shoot dry matter and plant height in WD relative to WW. Alfalfa populations with putative drought tolerance in Mediterranean environments did not exhibit a unique phenotypic strategy for facing severe water stress. Populations APG44669 and Alta Sierra showed divergent phenotypic expression in terms of stomatal conductance, leaf traits, root architecture, and root biomass partitioning profile

Desarrollo de un Sistema de Información Geográfico ante Catástrofes

79 p.El procesamiento de datos espaciales y la posibilidad de extraer informaci ón a partir de ellos, es una necesidad que la sociedad actual demanda. Para ello son necesarias herramientas específicas, como son, los sistemas de información geográfi ca (SIG). En el caso de que ocurra una cat ástrofe, un sistema de información geogr áfico ante cat astrofes, es de gran ayuda para administrar, manipular y desplegar los datos geogr áfi cos con el fin de poder analizar, gestionar recursos y finalmente ayudar a la tomar decisiones.A través es de este proyecto se expone una revisión de los SIG, los diferentes formatos y modelos de datos, los tipos de SIG, las diferentes herramientas para desarrollo y se hace énfasis en la herramienta seleccionada para desarrollar la aplicación Web.Se muestra la metodología a de desarrollo, el diseño, desarrollo de la aplicación y los resultados logrados por el SIG ante cat astrofes a nivel municipal./ABSTRACT: The spatial data processing and the ability to extract information from them,is a necessity from society .For this speci c tools are required, such as, geographicn information systems (GIS). In the event of a disaster, a geographic information system for disaster events, could helps to manage, manipulate and display geographic data in order to analyze, manage resources and ultimately help to make decisions.Through this project presents a review of GIS, di erent formats and data models,types of GIS, the various development tools and emphasizes the tool chosen to develop the Web application. It shows the development methodology, design, application development and results achieved by the GIS for disaster events at local government

El proceso de transición de servicios pediátricos a adultos: visión de adolescentes hospitalizados portadores de enfermedades crónicas

ResumenIntroducciónLas enfermedades crónicas durante la adolescencia son un gran desafío para el paciente, su familia y los proveedores de salud. La transición desde los servicios de salud pediátricos a adultos involucra el proceso de traspaso programado y planificado, de adolescentes portadores de enfermedades crónicas, para mantener una buena calidad de vida y desarrollo biopsicosocial. No existe, actualmente, un modelo único de transición. El objetivo del estudio es comprender el proceso de transición desde la perspectiva de adolescentes hospitalizados, para colaborar al diseño de un modelo acorde a las necesidades estudiadas.Pacientes y métodoIncluye entrevistas semiestructuradas a 13 adolescentes portadores de enfermedades crónicas, hospitalizados en 2 centros asistenciales de Santiago de Chile, en un estudio analítico-relacional, sostenido por una metodología de carácter cualitativo.ResultadosEn el análisis destacan 5 temas principales: experiencia de la vivencia de la enfermedad, importancia de la relación médico-paciente, concepto de autonomía limitado a lo farmacológico, ausencia de un proceso de transición propiamente dicho y la identificación de barreras y necesidades para una transición adecuada.ConclusionesEste estudio es pionero en Chile en explorar el fenómeno de la transición en adolescentes con enfermedades crónicas. Enfatiza la necesidad de reforzar el concepto de autocuidado y autonomía desde etapas tempranas del cuidado y la importancia de la planificación temprana de un proceso de transición saludable, de acuerdo a las necesidades detectadas por los propios adolescentes.AbstractIntroductionChronic illnesses during adolescence are a big challenge for the patient, his or her family, and health care providers. The transition from paediatric health services to adult health services involves a programmed and planned transfer process of adolescent sufferers of chronic illnesses, in order to maintain a high quality of life and bio-psycho-social development. There is currently no transition model. The objective of the study is to understand the transition process from the perspective of hospitalised adolescents to collaborate towards the design of a model that meets the needs studied.Patients and methodSemi-structured interviews with 13 adolescent sufferers of chronic illnesses, hospitalised in two healthcare centres in Santiago, Chile, in one analytical-relational study, supported by qualitative methodology.ResultsIn the analysis, 5 major themes stand out: experience of living with the illness, the importance of the doctor-patient relationship, the concept of limited autonomy to the pharmacology, the absence of the transition process as such, and the identification of barriers and needs for an adequate transition.ConclusionsThis study is new in Chile in that it explores the phenomenom of the transition of adolescents with chronic illnesses. It emphasises the need to reinforce the concept of self-care and autonomy from early stages of care, and the importance of early planning of a healthy transition process, in accordance to the detected needs of the adolescents themselves

A comparison of body composition assessment methods in climbers: Which is better?

Objective To compare body composition estimations of field estimation methods: Durnin & Womersley anthropometry (DW-ANT), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and Deborah-Kerr anthropometry (DK-ANT) against dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in a male Chilean sport climbing sample. Methods 30 adult male climbers of different performance levels participated in the study. A DXA scan (Lunar Prodigy (R)) was used to determine fat mass, lean mass and total bone mineral content (BMC). Total muscle mass (MM, kg) was estimated through a validated prediction model. DW-ANT and BIA ("non-athletes" and "athletes" equations) were used to determinate fat mass percentage (FM %), while DK-ANT was utilized to estimate MM and BMC. Results A significant (p<0.01) inter-method difference was observed for all methods analyzed. When compared to DXA, DW-ANT and BIA underestimated FM% and DK-ANT overestimated MM and BMC (All p< 0.01). The inter-method differences was lower for DW-ANT. Discussion We found that body composition estimation in climbers is highly method dependent. If DXA is not available, DW-ANT for FM% has a lower bias of estimation than BIA in young male Chilean climbers. For MM and BMC, further studies are needed to compare and estimate the DK-ANT bias level. For both methods, correction equations for specific climbing population should be considered

Comunidades, territorios y turismo en América Latina

Este libro es una suerte de regreso al futuro en la medida que intenta explicar la historia reciente del desarrollo turístico como parte de los males del capitalismo neoliberal globalizado, y al mismo tiempo tornar palpable las ventajas y oportunidades de ese otro turismo, enraizado en los paisajes naturales y culturales de las comunidades locales

Zoonosis, cambio climático y sociedad

La sociedad contemporánea se enfrenta a uno de los retos más grandes de la historia humana, el calentamiento global, mismo que acarrea enormes consecuencias, tales como los disturbios climáticos, así como los patrones de las enfermedades de origen animal transmisibles al hombre. Precisamente ante este escenario las instituciones educativas de nivel superior deben dar cumplimiento a su responsabilidad y ser las generadoras de alternativas de solución mediante el trabajo especializado de investigación; y para ello, la pesquisa científica es la mejor de las alternativas a nuestro alcance para comprender y encarar estos desafíos.Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México y Ediciones y Gráficos Eón, S.A. de C.V

Capacity aerobic of professional futebolistas of altitude during the competitlve periodo of the arequipa-perú city

Orientador: Miguel de ArrudaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação FísicaResumo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi de descrever e analisar a capacidade aeróbia de futebolistas profissionais de altitude durante o período competitivo, onde a seleção da amostra foi de tipo não-probabilístico 27 jogadores, para tal efeito, foram mensuradas as variáveis de massa corporal, estatura, quatro dobras cutâneas (triciptal, subescapular, supra- Ilíaca, e panturrilha), e para a capacidade aeróbia progressiva foi utilizado o teste físico de (corrida de ida e volta de 20m) de Navetta, para o teste Recovery o yo-yo teste de Bangsbo (lI nível) y para a capacidade de recuperação o yoyo teste de Bangsbo (II Nível). Por outro lado, utilizou-se a estatística descritiva de media e desvio padrão para caracterizar ao grupo, e para analisar as diferencias significativas entre a posição de jogo empregou-se ANOVA (one way). Finalmente, os resultados, mostram que quanto à capacidade aeróbia do 'VO IND. 2max¿ os volantes apresentam maior 'VO IND. 2max¿ quando comparados com outras posições de jogo e os goleiros apresentam menor quantidade de 'VO IND. 2ma¿, assim também, na capacidade de intermitente os laterais e volantes mostram maior percorrido em relação às outras posições de jogo e os goleiros são os que apresentaram menor percorrido e, portanto, os volantes e laterais tem melhor capacidade de intermitente, e os goleiros menor capacidade. Finalmente, em relação a capacidade de recuperação, os resultados mostram que os goleiros apresentam menor capacidade de recuperação, em relação aos laterais, zagueiros, volantes e atacantes, e portanto, os laterais e volantes apresentam maior percorrido e tem melhor capacidade de recuperação e os goleiros menor capacidade de recuperaçãoAbstract: Objective of the present study was to describe and to analyze the aerobic capacity of professional futebolistas of altitude during periodo competitive, where election of the sample was of No-probabilist type 27 players, for such effect, the 0 variable of corporal mass, stature, four folds had been mensuradas cutaneous (tricipital, to subescapular, it supplies-Ilíaca, and panturrilha), and for progresiva aerobia capacity was used the physical test of (gone race of e comes back of 20m) ofNavetta, toward the Recovery test yo-yo test of Bangsbo (lI leveI) y for the capacity of recuperacao yoyo test of Bangsbo (II LeveI). On the other hand, it was used descriptive statistics of measured and shunting line standard to characterize to the group, and to analyze you differentiate them significant between the game position used ANOVA (one way). Finally, the results, they show that how much to the aerobic capacity of the 'VO IND. 2max¿ the projections they present greater 'VO IND. 2max¿ when compardos with other positions of game and the goleiros present minor quantidad of 'VO IND. 2max¿, thus they tambem, in the interrnitencia capacity the laterias and projections show covered greater in relation to the other positions of game and the goleiros they are the ones that apresentam menor covered and therefore, valontes and laterals have capacity better of interrnitencia, and the goleiros lesser capacity. Finally, in relation recovery capacity, the results show that the goleiros present lesser capacity of recovery, in relation to the laterais, zagueiros, projections e aggressors, and therefore, the lateraIs and projections present covered greater and have better recovery capacity and the goleiros lesser recovery capacityMestradoMestre em Educação Físic