Prevalence of Salmonella on Laying Hen Farms and Control of Colonization in Poultry Through Egg Yolk Antibodies

In the United States, rates of foodborne illness caused by Salmonella have not changed significantly. One study in this thesis estimated Salmonella prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of various samples from conventional (n=181) and organic (n=252) farms. Rates of Salmonella contamination were significantly lower on conventional than organic farms. Antimicrobial resistance was significantly higher on isolates from conventional versus organic farms. These findings suggest that poultry production practices may have significant effects on prevalence and antibiotic resistance patterns of Salmonella. The other study assessed the efficacy of a Salmonella control strategy using anti-Salmonella antibodies, two chicken cell lines, an HD-11 macrophage and a DF-1 fibroblast line, and Salmonella serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis. In DF-1 cells, treatment showed decrease adherence of the pathogen. However, in HD-11 cells, treatment showed an increase in pathogen adherence, indicating a more detailed understanding of chicken response to treatment with the antibodies is needed before full-scale implementation

Genetic diversity of Phytophthora infestans in the Northern Andean region.

RIGHTS : This article is licensed under the BioMed Central licence at http://www.biomedcentral.com/about/license which is similar to the 'Creative Commons Attribution Licence'. In brief you may : copy, distribute, and display the work; make derivative works; or make commercial use of the work - under the following conditions: the original author must be given credit; for any reuse or distribution, it must be made clear to others what the license terms of this work are.BACKGROUND: Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, the causal agent of potato late blight, is responsible for tremendous crop losses worldwide. Countries in the northern part of the Andes dedicate a large proportion of the highlands to the production of potato, and more recently, solanaceous fruits such as cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana) and tree tomato (Solanum betaceum), all of which are hosts of this oomycete. In the Andean region, P. infestans populations have been well characterized in Ecuador and Peru, but are poorly understood in Colombia and Venezuela. To understand the P. infestans population structure in the Northern part of the Andes, four nuclear regions (ITS, Ras, β-tubulin and Avr3a) and one mitochondrial (Cox1) region were analyzed in isolates of P. infestans sampled from different hosts in Colombia and Venezuela. RESULTS: Low genetic diversity was found within this sample of P. infestans isolates from crops within several regions of Colombia and Venezuela, revealing the presence of clonal populations of the pathogen in this region. We detected low frequency heterozygotes, and their distribution patterns might be a consequence of a high migration rate among populations with poor effective gene flow. Consistent genetic differentiation exists among isolates from different regions. CONCLUSIONS: The results here suggest that in the Northern Andean region P. infestans is a clonal population with some within-clone variation. P. infestans populations in Venezuela reflect historic isolation that is being reinforced by a recent self-sufficiency of potato seeds. In summary, the P. infestans population is mainly shaped by migration and probably by the appearance of variants of key effectors such as Avr3a

Created mangrove wetlands store belowground carbon and surface elevation change enables them to adjust to sea-level rise

Mangrove wetlands provide ecosystem services for millions of people, most prominently by providing storm protection, food and fodder. Mangrove wetlands are also valuable ecosystems for promoting carbon (C) sequestration and storage. However, loss of mangrove wetlands and these ecosystem services are a global concern, prompting the restoration and creation of mangrove wetlands as a potential solution. Here, we investigate soil surface elevation change, and its components, in created mangrove wetlands over a 25 year developmental gradient. All created mangrove wetlands were exceeding current relative sea-level rise rates (2.6 mm yr(-1)), with surface elevation change of 4.2-11.0 mm yr(-1) compared with 1.5-7.2 mm yr(-1) for nearby reference mangroves. While mangrove wetlands store C persistently in roots/soils, storage capacity is most valuable if maintained with future sea-level rise. Through empirical modeling, we discovered that properly designed creation projects may not only yield enhanced C storage, but also can facilitate wetland persistence perennially under current rates of sea-level rise and, for most sites, for over a century with projected medium accelerations in sea-level rise (IPCC RCP 6.0). Only the fastest projected accelerations in sea-level rise (IPCC RCP 8.5) led to widespread submergence and potential loss of stored C for created mangrove wetlands before 2100

Reporte de Mercados Financieros - primer trimestre de 2021

Durante el primer trimestre de 2021 (1T21) los mercados financieros giraron alrededor al mayor optimismo ante las expectativas de una recuperación económica global más rápida de lo anticipado previamente, liderada por EE.UU. y China, ante el mayor estímulo fiscal, la continuación del estímulo monetario, los avances en la distribución de las vacunas contra el Covid-19 y el proceso de reapertura económica, así como a las expectativas de que el exceso de ahorro privado conlleve a una fortaleza del crecimiento económico impulsado por el consumo

Ecosystem development after mangrove wetland creation : plant–soil change across a 20-year chronosequence

This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Ecosystems 15 (2012): 848-866, doi:10.1007/s10021-012-9551-1.Mangrove wetland restoration and creation efforts are increasingly proposed as mechanisms to compensate for mangrove wetland losses. However, ecosystem development and functional equivalence in restored and created mangrove wetlands are poorly understood. We compared a 20-year chronosequence of created tidal wetland sites in Tampa Bay, Florida (USA) to natural reference mangrove wetlands. Across the chronosequence, our sites represent the succession from salt marsh to mangrove forest communities. Our results identify important soil and plant structural differences between the created and natural reference wetland sites; however, they also depict a positive developmental trajectory for the created wetland sites that reflects tightly coupled plant-soil development. Because upland soils and/or dredge spoils were used to create the new mangrove habitats, the soils at younger created sites and at lower depths (10–30 cm) had higher bulk densities, higher sand content, lower soil organic matter (SOM), lower total carbon (TC), and lower total nitrogen (TN) than did natural reference wetland soils. However, in the upper soil layer (0–10 cm), SOM, TC, and TN increased with created wetland site age simultaneously with mangrove forest growth. The rate of created wetland soil C accumulation was comparable to literature values for natural mangrove wetlands. Notably, the time to equivalence for the upper soil layer of created mangrove wetlands appears to be faster than for many other wetland ecosystem types. Collectively, our findings characterize the rate and trajectory of above- and below-ground changes associated with ecosystem development in created mangrove wetlands; this is valuable information for environmental managers planning to sustain existing mangrove wetlands or mitigate for mangrove wetland losses

Logística inversa en el manejo de bolsas de cemento Vacías en una empresa constructora, Caso Javier Londoño S.A

116 páginasRESUMEN: A partir de la Logística Inversa como metodología principal de este proyecto académico, se desarrolla un trabajo de grado en donde la investigación juega un rol fundamental para la exitosa implementación de un sistema de Logística Inversa en el manejo de las bolsas de cemento vacías en una obra especifica de la constructora Javier Londoño S.A, donde se consigue el apoyo de la cementera ARGOS y finalmente se muestra la relación mutuamente beneficiosa para las partes implicadas y se proyectan como grandes empresas comprometidas con el medio ambiente, la industria y el desarrollo de este tipo de iniciativas en el país. Con visitas a empresas del sector como recicladoras, papeleras y cementeras, se logra visualizar hacia donde se quiere enfocar el proyecto que tiene como fin valorizar el residuo de la obra seleccionada, en este caso el papel Kraft de las bolsas de cemento. Se consultan antecedentes dentro y fuera de Colombia sobre qué se ha hecho en materia y se desarrolla un método de manipulación y recolección en la obra de construcción que garantice la menor contaminación posible en el papel, lo cual permite que se pueda comercializar y a su vez se desarrollan nuevos productos que lleven como materia prima el residuo de las obras. Con bases sólidas en investigación, pruebas de laboratorio, reuniones con algunas de las partes implicadas en el problema y pruebas piloto, se demostrará que es posible incorporar este producto en la logística ya establecida por los usuarios del cemento y sus proveedores, para así llevarla a Logística de Reversa, obteniendo así no solo los resultados esperados, sino superar cada uno de ellosABSTRACT: This paper stems from reverse logistics as the main method of the academic project in which research plays a fundamental role in a reverse logistic system in the management of empty cement bags in the specific work site of Javier Londoño S.A, construction company. The support of the cement factory, ARGOS is engaged and, in the end the mutually beneficial relationship among all implied parties is proven and said parties are projected as large companies committed to environmental preservation, industry, and the development of these types of activities in the country. Through visits to sector businesses such as recycling companies, paper producers, and cement factories, the vision of the focus of the project is achieved – to raise the value of waste from the selected site, in this case Kraft paper from the cement bags. Previous experiences in the matter from Colombia and abroad are consulted and a method for the manipulation and collection at the construction site is developed. This method guarantees the least amount of contamination of the paper, which allows its commercializing, while simultaneously developing new products that use the site’s waste as raw goods/input. With a solid base in research, lab tests, meetings with some of the parties involved, as well as pilot tests, it shall be demonstrated that it is possible to incorporate this product in the logistics already established by cement users and their suppliers, and then apply reverse logistics, thus not only accomplishing expected results but also exceeding them.PregradoIngeniero(a) Industria

New species of Anthurium Schott (Araceae) from the Kõkõi Eujã Natural Traditional Reserve of the Pacific coast, Cauca Department, Colombia

The Kõkõi Eujã Natural Traditional Reserve was created in 2019 to protect the golden poison frog (Phyllobates terribilis Myers, Daly & Malkin, 1978) in the Cauca Department of Colombia. As part of the biodiversity inventory of the reserve a new species of Anthurium with scandent habit was discovered. The new species is endemic to Colombia and it is more similar to A. caldodsonii Croat, A. boekei Croat, and A. scandens (Aubl.) Engl., but differs by having widely lanceolate leaves with acuminate apex, cuneate base, and acrodromous venation with three pairs of basal veins

Multifocal nitrous oxide cryoballoon ablation with or without EMR for treatment of neoplastic Barrett's esophagus (with video)

Endoscopic cryotherapy can eradicate neoplastic Barrett's esophagus (BE). A new contact cryoballoon focal ablation system (CbFAS)) freezes esophageal mucosa with nitrous oxide. We studied the safety and efficacy of CbFAS for complete eradication of neoplastic Barrett's esophagus. In a prospective clinical trial, consecutive BE patients with confirmed neoplasia (low-grade dysplasia [LGD], high-grade dysplasia [HGD], and/or intramucosal adenocarcinoma [ImCA]), at least 1 cm of BE, with or without prior ablation, were treated with a dose 10 seconds of spray per site. EMR was performed for nodular lesions. Treatments were repeated every 10 to 12 weeks until complete eradication, with a maximum of 5 treatments. Primary outcomes were complete eradication of all dysplasia (CE-D) and complete eradication of intestinal metaplasia (CE-IM) at 1 year (intention-to-treat analysis). Forty-one assessable patients (22 treatment naive, 19 previously ablated) with LGD (n = 13), HGD (n = 23), or ImCA (n = 5) were treated. The median procedure time was 30 minutes. The median number of ablation procedures for CE-IM was 3 (interquartile range, 2-4). Overall 1-year CE-D and CE-IM rates were 95% and 88%, respectively. CE-D rate was significantly lower (67%) in those with ultra-long BE compared with those with <8 cm (100%, P = .02). Median pain scores were zero at day 1. Four patients (9.7%) developed mild dysphagia from stenoses requiring dilation. One patient on aspirin developed upper GI bleeding that did not require therapy. Multifocal nitrous oxide cryotherapy using CbFAS is a promising, highly effective, and safe endoscopic treatment for primary or rescue therapy of BE-associated neoplasia and IM. (Clinical trial registration number: NCT02534233.)