Controle biológico de moscas-das-frutas no Brasil

Fruit flies are the main pests of fruit growing in Brazil. They have been managed predominantly with the use of insecticides applied as cover spray and/or as toxic baits. Currently, the trend of management strategies is toward the adoption of methods that cause the lowest environmental impact in large areas. In this context, biological control is an excellent option to be used together with other management strategies, such as sterile insects, because it leaves no residues, does not disturb nontarget pests, and can be permanent if the natural enemy establishes itself in the field. This review paper addresses the current knowledge on the biological control of fruit flies in Brazil, highlighting the great biodiversity of its natural enemies, especially parasitoids, its biology and ecology. The classical biological control programs in Brazil are also reported, from the introduction of Tetrastichus giffardianus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), in 1937, for the control of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae), to that of Fopius arisanus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), in 2012, for the control of Bactrocera carambolae (Diptera: Tephritidae). Finally, the obtained advances are pointed out, as well as the main bottlenecks and perspectives for the effective use of biological control programs against fruit flies.As moscas-das-frutas são as principais pragas da fruticultura no Brasil. O seu manejo tem sido realizado predominantemente com uso de inseticidas aplicados por cobertura e/ou na forma de isca-tóxica. Atualmente, a tendência das estratégias de manejo está direcionada à adoção de métodos de controle que causem menor impacto ambiental em grandes áreas. Neste contexto, o controle biológico é uma excelente opção para uso em conjunto com outras estratégias de manejo, como insetos estéreis, uma vez que não deixa resíduos, não atinge pragas não alvo e pode ser permanente se o inimigo natural se estabelecer em campo. Este artigo de revisão aborda o conhecimento atual sobre o controle biológico de moscas-das-frutas no Brasil, com destaque para a grande biodiversidade de seus inimigos naturais, especialmente os parasitoides, sua biologia e sua ecologia. Também são relatados os programas de controle biológico clássico no Brasil, desde a introdução de Tetrastichus giffardianus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), em 1937, para o controle de Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae), até a de Fopius arisanus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), em 2012, para o controle de Bactrocera carambolae (Diptera: Tephritidae). Por fim, são destacados os avanços obtidos, bem como os principais gargalos e as perspectivas para uso efetivo de programas de controle biológico contra moscas-das-frutas

Diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) species in French Guiana: their main host plants and associated parasitoids during the period 1994-2003 and prospects for management

Introduction. This study was carried out in French Guiana, over ten years (1994–2003) by three institutions (SPV, FDGPC and CIRAD); it updates the current state of knowledge of Tephritidae (both Dacini and Toxotrypanini tribes) species present in this country. Materials and methods. The work was mainly conducted in inhabited areas (from the Brazilian border to the Surinamese border) where cultivated fruit crops are located. Specimens were obtained by adult trapping and fruit sampling in nearby orchards and at the edge of the rainforest. Trapping was done consistently for 10 years, while fruit sampling was a discontinuous activity. We present only the results for fruit sampling from three consecutive years (2001–2003) in which a total of 880 kg from 45 fruit species in 22 plant families were collected. Results. Twenty-nine plant species from fourteen plant families were found to be hosts of twenty-one Anastrepha species and one Bactrocera species, Bactrocera carambolae Drew and Hancock. During this period, no specimen of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) was collected in traps or fruit samples. We registered the main fruit trees which were hosts for B. carambolae and Anastrepha spp. Five hymenopterous parasitoid species were identified. Among them, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) is an exotic species and was introduced into French Guiana in collaboration with Brazilian authorities (EMBRAPA) in 2000 and 2001 within the framework of a classical biological control program. Conclusion. Our data provide baseline information about the tephritid species of economic importance present in French Guiana and assist in developing potential future control programs of both the B. carambolae and Anastrepha species in the Amazon Basin. These preliminary results are discussed in the light of their implication for rainforest conservation efforts and also evolutionary relationships between fruit flies and their hosts. (Résumé d'auteur

Diastolic Heart Activity Inspection from Intracardiac Electrogram Analysis

Abstract Aim of this paper is to study unexpected electrical activities seldom observed during the diastolic interval of intracardiac electrograms (EGM) retrieved from patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators (IC