Pathomorphological and Immunohıstochemical Evaluation of Unilateral Progressive Mooren’s Ulcer in a Cat

Background: Mooren’s ulcer is a chronic and painful ulceration of the cornea. It begins progressively in the periphery and spread centrally in cornea. In human, it is seen uniaterally in most of cases. Mooren ulcer has not been reported in any kind of animals up to now. Although its aetiology is not completely enlighted, it has been suspected of the inflammatoryreaction against injuries-microbiological and immun mediated effects. Immun response in presence of accumulation of immune complexes into the limbal vessels.As a result of the deficit in the regulatory mechanism because the number of suppressor cells control over B and T lymphocytes, These situations can result in a progressive tendancy to inflammationbecause the production of autoantibodies and/or lymphokine from cytotoxic T-lymhocytes creates an immune-mediated vasculitis. Numerous immigrant inflammatory cells and proteins are evaded from vessels. After triggering inflammatory cells and releasing of meditors, corneal vascularization, scar tissue and re-epithelization develop. This regenerative-reperative process plays an important role during post-inflammatory process.Case: In this case, it was aimed to detect pathomorphological structure and immunologic relations in progressive Mooren’s ulcer (MU). A 1 year-old mix breed cat was submitted to clinic with complaints of progressive painful and eyesight loss in left eye. There were 1 cm-ulceration, opacification and old haemorrhagic areas at peripheral cornea. Histopathologically, there was wide ulceration including all layers of corneal epithelium and particularly vacuolar degeneration at suprabasal cells. In corneal stroma, numerous neutrophiles and mononuclear cells were infiltrated. Neovascularisation and fibrosis beginning from limbus were also present. This fibrotic progress was confirmed by Masson’s trichrome staining method. Immunohistochemically, Cytokeratin 3 (CK3) and cytokeratin 12 (CK12) positivities showing regenerative activity of suprabasal and basal cells were not widespread. Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) positivities were generally weak in epithelialcells. In stroma, moderate vimentin positivities were detected proliferated in fibrocytes originating from limbus. α1-antichymotrypsin (A1AC) was mildly reacted in neutrophiles. CD3 and CD4 confirmed the presence of regulatory and helper T lymphocytes. CD3 and CD8 marked cytotoxic T lymphocytes and CD20 marked B lymphocytes in inflammatory areas. CD34 were also positive in peripheral corneal stem cells derived from limbal basal epitheliums in partly regenerated area. CD57 positivity in T lymphocytes and NK cells and CD68 positivity in macrophages were attended to the area.Discussion: CD1a positivity in T lymphocytes proved mediating lipid and microbial origin glycolipid antigens. TUNEL reactions showing DNA in situ fragmentation were present in the destructive and aging epithelial cells at periphery. In conclusion, the case has been found as unique in terms of its immunohistochemical characterization. The markers show that CD1a and CD68 expressions follow different progress in animals unlike in humanbeings even though the ulcer of pathogenetic mechanism is found identical to humanbeings.. The roles of CD20 and CD57 markers have potential roles in this ulcer. It is also concluded that insufficient epithelial regeneration, fibrosis, inflammation and apoptosis showed progressive Mooren’s ulcers having possibly microbial origin.Keywords: Mooren’s ulcer, pathomorphology, immunohistochemistry, cat

Clinicopathological Evaluation of Clear Cell Hidradenoma (Acrospiroma) Within Multiple Tumor Complex in a Dog

Background: Clear cell hidradenoma (acrospiroma) is adnexal tumors that arise from the distal excretory duct of eccrine sweat glands. It is generally defined in humanbeings. It presents solitary structure in firmness nodule. Most frequently are encountered in head, face, and upper extremities in humans. Hidradenomas are called generally by definition benign. Their malignant transformations and metastasis are seen very rarely. In veterinary literature database, the malignant form of tumor has been defined as an unique report in four dogs. They are extremely rare tumors in dogs. It is not documented within multiple tumor complex up to now.Case: In the case, three tumors were detected in a 9-year-old neutered female German shepherd dog. After clinical examination, a complete surgical resection of all masses was performed and masses were sent to Pathology for diagnosis. A mass on the right last rib was a 8x6 cm in diameters with severe ulceration. The mass had a hard texture, immobility and irregular borders. Other masses were localized on the back and left caudo-abdominal mammary lobe. Tumors on the back and the mammary lobe did not invade muscle layer, but the tumor on the last rib aggressively invaded surrounding tissue and were very difficult to remove surgically After macroscopy, all the masses were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E), Mayer’s mucicarmine and Periodic Acid Shiff (PAS) stainings. In the first mass, there were multilobular epithelial islands between prominent fibrous septa from the upper to deep of dermis. The neoplastic cells were generally round or polyhedral in shape. Some of cytoplasms were eosinophilic at different degree. But cytoplasms were generally finely granular and vesicular or clear in appearance. Some cells had possible glycogen deposits. Nucleus was oval to round and had fine reticular chromatin and a distinct nucleolus. The tumor was diagnosed as clear cell hidradenoma. Others were was belonged to hemangioma on the back and malignant mixed tumor in the mammary gland.Discussion: In our case, two cell types having benign characteristics were also noted. Some clear cells contained PAS (+) material showing glycogen deposits. Additionally, there were some fibrous septa separating those cell islands. Thus, it is thought that the histopathology shows parallelism to many reports described in human beigns. Clear cell hidradenoma described in this case is first documentation as benign counterpart on the basis of veterinary literatures even though a previous report including clear cell hidradenocarcinoma in four dogs. And also, it has been reported to be very rarely seen tumor in human beings. However, any hormonies in terms of its predilection site can not be found among the cases with clear cell hidradenoma in human counterparts, because the tumor is encountered at skin of last right rib. This situation has shown us the tumor does not select any predilection site as described in this case. It has been understood on the basis of literatures that this is the first case report of describing benign tumor of ecrine sweat duct in dogs. Also, there has been no any documentation regarding in this multiple tumor comple

The Evaluation of Clinicopathological and Immunohistochemical Findings of Cervical Clear Cell Carcinoma in a Bitch

Background: Clear cell carcinoma (CCC) of the cervix is a rarely seen malignant tumor which is classified in adenocarcinomas of the endometrium. It is responsible for 2.15-3.0% of endometrial tumors. The diagnosis is difficult and is still controversial in uterine carcinomas. Macroscopically, masses were protruding to endometrial surface. However, the definitive diagnosis was carried by microscopical evaluation. The cells contain clear cytoplasm. The cells are seen in this pattern because there is either glycogenation or secretoric activity in the cells.Case: In the present case, clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical findings of clear cell carcinoma of the cervix were defined in a 3 year-old spayed Golden retriever bitch. Previously spayed bitch, which had vaginal discharge for the last month-long, was submitted to the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ankara University, Faculty of VeterinaryMedicine. In the general clinical examination, vaginoscopy was performed and vaginal cytology was obtained from smear. The source of discharge was detected as cervix uteri. In vaginal cytologic examination, erythrocyte, neutrophile and superficial cells were observed. In abdominal ultrasonography, a hypoechoic mass was detected at cranial part of the urinary bladder. To evaluate the general health condition of the dog, total blood counting and serum biochemistry were analyzed in addition to assessing its hormone prophlye. Estrogen and progesterone levels were evaluated. Estradiol (E2) level was measured as 23 pg/mL and progesterone level was measured as 1.96 ng/mL from collected serum. The cervical mass in diameters of 3x4x2.5 cm was removed in operation. In macroscopical examination, it had spherical and regularly shape.After the macroscopical examination, tissue samples were fixed in 10% buffered formalin. Then, the samples stained with Haematoxylin-Eosin (H&E), Masson’s trichrome and PAS stainings, respectively. At the macroscopic and histological examinations, the mass was diagnosed as clear cell carcinoma. Immunohistochemically, the tumor was stained with CK19 α-SMA, vimentin, desmin, TGF-β, VEGF, CEA, ER and PR markers. Other markers gave moderate to severe reactions in exception for no or weak ER and PR positivities. In direction of these results, clear cell carcinoma of cervix had been found remarkably due to first description in a spayed bitch on the basis of knowledge.Discussion: Clear cell carcinoma (CCC) is one type of the endometrial carcinomas. It is frequently known to have aggressive behavior and unfavorable prognosis. In human counterparts, clear cell carcinoma is frequently reoccurred in caudoabdominal and pelvic region even after being removed. The occurrence of clear cell carcinoma has highly increasedwith diethylstilbestrol usage during pregnancy. The situation on uterine carcinoma is nearly same in domestic animals. It is related to prolonged estrogenism. In this case, the bitch has been under prolong exposure to estrogenic effect. Indeed the estradiol level was high when compared to spayed female. Also, it is thought that the reason of high estradiol leveldoes not depend on the ovarian remnant. It is believed this situation may be relevant to exogen hormone usage. Vaginal smear confirmed erythrocyte (due to bleeding), predominantly superficial cells to it’s under estrogenic effect even despite being spayed.Keywords: clear cell carcinoma, cervix, clinicopathology, marker, bitch

Clinicopathological Evaluation of Disseminated Metastases of Transmissible Venereal Tumor in a Spayed Bitch

Background: Although transmissible venereal tumor (TVT, transmissible venereal sarcoma, Sticker’s sarcoma) that affects dogs and other canids can be seen in many countries, it especially emerges in the countries which homeless dog population is very high. Female dogs are more susceptible than males. Transmissible venereal tumor is usually transmitted to genital organs during coitus and occasionally by social behavior such as sniffing and licking. The tumor is generally observed in the posterior part of the vagina. The tumor usually appears in various sizes, in the appearance of cauliflower, red and fragile. Metastases are rarely reported in cases with TVT. Metastases have been detected in lung, liver, tonsils, skin, lymph nodes, muscles, spleen. The diagnosis of transmissible venereal tumor is achived by considering the history of the animal, gross lesions, cytological examination and histopathology. Chemotherapy is frequently used in the treatment of TVT. In addition, radiotherapy, cryosurgery, surgical incision and immunotherapy are rarely applied for treatment. Chemical agents such as doxorubicin, vincristine sulfate, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate are preferred for chemotherapy.Case: Metastases to all mammary lobes, cervix uteri, neck, skin, gluteal muscles, the oropharyngeal region, and primary vaginal mass were described in spayed bitch, a 10-year old and mixed breed. The clinical examination manifested, fragile and hemorrhagic masses which resemble cauliflower in the vagina, neck, and inguinal region. Furthermore firm and multilobular masses in all mammary lobes, oropharyngeal region, and gluteal muscles of right leg were detected. Firstly, vaginal cytology was performed in order to confirm. In vaginal cytology, round to polyhedral shaped transmissible venereal tumor cells including cytoplasmic vacuoles and polychromatic nuclei were identified. Histopathologically, solid areas included oval- to round-shaped cells with prominent, hyperchromatic nuclei in all masses. Also, some of them comprised mitotic figures in their nuclei. In general, the tumor cells were separated by thin fibrous septa. Additionally, the cells were completely infiltrated to the mammary gland. In contrast, oropharyngeal and subdermal region of neck consisted more solid areas under the epidermis. There was lymphocyte infiltration at the periphery of the cells. For gluteal mass, TVT cells were confined in muscle bundles. Transmissible venereal tumor cases are often located in genital organs and their metastases are rarely encountered in comparison with other tumors. In this case report, metastases to cervical tissue, neck skin, oropharyngeal mucosa and gluteal muscles, mammary lobes are found.Discussion: When the sexual activity is high, the incidence of TVT increases. It especially develops in bitches in estrus. Breed, sex and age are not a cause of predisposition for TVT. Transmissible venereal tumors’ malignancy can increase in some cases, although TVT is known as a benign tumor. Prevalence of metastases was found fairly low in the studies. Metastases to mammary region, to subcutaneous region, to brain, to eye, to lung, to uterus, to ovary, to liver, to spleen have been reported. In conclusion, even if a bitch is acyclic, transmissible venereal tumor can be developed and thus the risk of its disseminated metastasis must be considered. Moreover, since the masses have not regresed for a long time, this situation may be related to severe immunosupression in the bitch

Immunohistochemical and histopathological studies of fixed rabies virus in goats

The purpose of this study was to systematically demonstrate and compare the pathological and immunohistochemical changes in goats which were infected by a fixed rabies virus that was used in vaccine production. In the histopathological examinations, varying degrees of inflammatory, degenerative and necrotic changes were detected in the central nervous system. In the preparations stained by the immunoperoxidase (IP) method, intra- and/or extracellular viral antigens were observed on the cerebellum, cornu ammonis, thalamus, pons, nucleus caudatus, spinal cord, medulla oblongata, Gasserian ganglion, eye and retropharyngeal lymph nodes. In the preparations stained by the immunofluorescence (IF) method, intra- and/or extracellular viral antigens were seen in the same locations with the exception of the retropharyngeal lymph nodes. It was also observed that the antigens were qualitatively and quantitatively well stained with both methods. However, the visibility of antigens in the retropharyngeal lymph nodes and eye, and the facilities of applying made the IP method much more advantageous than the IF method.The articles have been scanned in colour with a HP Scanjet 5590; 600dpi. Adobe Acrobat v.9 was used to OCR the text and also for the merging and conversion to the final presentation PDF-format.University of Ankara Research Fund.mn201

Histopathological and biochemical findings of congenital copper deficiency: are these similar to those of caprine arthritis-encephalitis?

This study was done after identifying animals with a twisted carpal joint in goat herd. These included a kid goat walking on its articulus carpii and a newborn goat with a stiff leg. Necropsies of the diseased goats revealed swollen carpal joints that were twisted backwards. Arthritis was observed during microscopic examination of the carpal joints. Very low levels of eosinophil, leucocyte, and lymphocyte cell infiltration were found in the central nervous system and meninges. Serum copper levels were significantly decreased in most of the animals. All of these results led us to diagnose the animals with swayback disease

Expression of iNOS, COX-2 and VEGF in canine mammary tumours and non-neoplastic mammary glands: Association with clinicopathological features and tumour grade

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the expression of iNOS, COX-2 and VEGF mRNA levels and malignancy degree in canine malignant mammary tumours. Thirty-five bitches presented with the complaint of mammary masses, aged 6–10 years and representing different breeds, were used. The expressions of iNOS, COX-2 and VEGF mRNA levels were significantly higher in both benign and malignant tumours than in the adjacent nonneoplastic mammary glands (P < 0.05). The iNOS, COX-2 and VEGF mRNA expression levels of grade 2 tumours were higher than those of grade 1 tumours; however, the highest expression levels were detected in grade 3 tumours. Thus, increased iNOS, COX-2 and VEGF gene mRNA levels were found to be related with the histological grade of malignancy in dogs with mammary tumours

Prevalence, Distribution, and Host Range of Peste des petits ruminants virus, Turkey

Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV, genus Morbillivirus), which causes a severe disease in sheep and goats, has only recently been officially declared to be present in Turkey. We carried out a study to determine the prevalence, distribution, and host range of PPRV in Turkey. A total of 1,607 animals, reared in 18 different locations, were monitored for the presence of antibodies to PPRV and the related virus of large ruminants, Rinderpest virus (RPV). Only two farms had animals that were free of antibody responses to either disease. Prevalence for PPRV infection varied (range 0.87%–82.6%) and was higher in sheep (29.2%) than in goats (20%). The overall antibody responses to PPRV and RPV were 22.4% and 6.28%, respectively. Two PPRVs of lineage 4, which comprises many other PPRVs whose origins are in the Middle East, the Arabian Peninsula, and southern Asia, were isolated from Turkish sheep

Pathomorphological and Immunohıstochemical Evaluation of Unilateral Progressive Mooren’s Ulcer in a Cat

Background: Mooren’s ulcer is a chronic and painful ulceration of the cornea. It begins progressively in the periphery and spread centrally in cornea. In human, it is seen uniaterally in most of cases. Mooren ulcer has not been reported in any kind of animals up to now. Although its aetiology is not completely enlighted, it has been suspected of the inflammatoryreaction against injuries-microbiological and immun mediated effects. Immun response in presence of accumulation of immune complexes into the limbal vessels.As a result of the deficit in the regulatory mechanism because the number of suppressor cells control over B and T lymphocytes, These situations can result in a progressive tendancy to inflammationbecause the production of autoantibodies and/or lymphokine from cytotoxic T-lymhocytes creates an immune-mediated vasculitis. Numerous immigrant inflammatory cells and proteins are evaded from vessels. After triggering inflammatory cells and releasing of meditors, corneal vascularization, scar tissue and re-epithelization develop. This regenerative-reperative process plays an important role during post-inflammatory process.Case: In this case, it was aimed to detect pathomorphological structure and immunologic relations in progressive Mooren’s ulcer (MU). A 1 year-old mix breed cat was submitted to clinic with complaints of progressive painful and eyesight loss in left eye. There were 1 cm-ulceration, opacification and old haemorrhagic areas at peripheral cornea. Histopathologically, there was wide ulceration including all layers of corneal epithelium and particularly vacuolar degeneration at suprabasal cells. In corneal stroma, numerous neutrophiles and mononuclear cells were infiltrated. Neovascularisation and fibrosis beginning from limbus were also present. This fibrotic progress was confirmed by Masson’s trichrome staining method. Immunohistochemically, Cytokeratin 3 (CK3) and cytokeratin 12 (CK12) positivities showing regenerative activity of suprabasal and basal cells were not widespread. Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) positivities were generally weak in epithelialcells. In stroma, moderate vimentin positivities were detected proliferated in fibrocytes originating from limbus. α1-antichymotrypsin (A1AC) was mildly reacted in neutrophiles. CD3 and CD4 confirmed the presence of regulatory and helper T lymphocytes. CD3 and CD8 marked cytotoxic T lymphocytes and CD20 marked B lymphocytes in inflammatory areas. CD34 were also positive in peripheral corneal stem cells derived from limbal basal epitheliums in partly regenerated area. CD57 positivity in T lymphocytes and NK cells and CD68 positivity in macrophages were attended to the area.Discussion: CD1a positivity in T lymphocytes proved mediating lipid and microbial origin glycolipid antigens. TUNEL reactions showing DNA in situ fragmentation were present in the destructive and aging epithelial cells at periphery. In conclusion, the case has been found as unique in terms of its immunohistochemical characterization. The markers show that CD1a and CD68 expressions follow different progress in animals unlike in humanbeings even though the ulcer of pathogenetic mechanism is found identical to humanbeings.. The roles of CD20 and CD57 markers have potential roles in this ulcer. It is also concluded that insufficient epithelial regeneration, fibrosis, inflammation and apoptosis showed progressive Mooren’s ulcers having possibly microbial origin.Keywords: Mooren’s ulcer, pathomorphology, immunohistochemistry, cat