Quantification and prognostic relevance of angiogenic parameters in invasive cervical cancer.

Tumour stromal neovascularization was investigated in 114 invasive and 20 in situ carcinomas of the uterine cervix by staining representative sections with the specific endothelial marker anti CD31 (clone JC/70A, isotope IgG1). A digital image analyser was used to measure the immunoreactivity. The following parameters were determined in the 'hot spots': vessel counts, vessel perimeter and endothelial stained area (expressed per mm2). The results were correlated with clinical and histopathological data. There was no significant relationship between the histopathological findings (tumour histology, tumour differentiation, FIGO stage, presence of lymph node metastasis or lymphovascular space involvement) and the median vessel count. In a univariate analysis all angiogenesis parameters had prognostic value: a higher vascularity was associated with worse prognosis (P < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis showed that vascular permeation (P < 0.001) and the median vessel count (P = 0.005) were the most important prognostic indicators. In the future these criteria may be used for selection of patients for anti-angiogenesis therapy

Characterization of Leishmania donovani Aquaporins Shows Presence of Subcellular Aquaporins Similar to Tonoplast Intrinsic Proteins of Plants

Leishmania donovani, a protozoan parasite, resides in the macrophages of the mammalian host. The aquaporin family of proteins form important components of the parasite-host interface. The parasite-host interface could be a potential target for chemotherapy. Analysis of L. major and L. infantum genomes showed the presence of five aquaporins (AQPs) annotated as AQP9 (230aa), AQP putative (294aa), AQP-like protein (279aa), AQP1 (314aa) and AQP-like protein (596aa). We report here the structural modeling, localization and functional characterization of the AQPs from L. donovani. LdAQP1, LdAQP9, LdAQP2860 and LdAQP2870 have the canonical NPA-NPA motifs, whereas LdAQP putative has a non-canonical NPM-NPA motif. In the carboxyl terminal to the second NPA box of all AQPs except AQP1, a valine/alanine residue was found instead of the arginine. In that respect these four AQPs are similar to tonoplast intrinsic proteins in plants, which are localized to intracellular organelles. Confocal microscopy of L. donovani expressing GFP-tagged AQPs showed an intracellular localization of LdAQP9 and LdAQP2870. Real-time PCR assays showed expression of all aquaporins except LdAQP2860, whose level was undetectable. Three-dimensional homology modeling of the AQPs showed that LdAQP1 structure bears greater topological similarity to the aquaglyceroporin than to aquaporin of E. coli. The pore of LdAQP1 was very different from the rest in shape and size. The cavity of LdAQP2860 was highly irregular and undefined in geometry. For functional characterization, four AQP proteins were heterologously expressed in yeast. In the fps1Δ yeast cells, which lacked the key aquaglyceroporin, LdAQP1 alone displayed an osmosensitive phenotype indicating glycerol transport activity. However, expression of LdAQP1 and LdAQP putative in a yeast gpd1Δ strain, deleted for glycerol production, conferred osmosensitive phenotype indicating water transport activity or aquaporin function. Our analysis for the first time shows the presence of subcellular aquaporins and provides structural and functional characterization of aquaporins in Leishmania donovani

CaZF, a Plant Transcription Factor Functions through and Parallel to HOG and Calcineurin Pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Provide Osmotolerance

Salt-sensitive yeast mutants were deployed to characterize a gene encoding a C2H2 zinc finger protein (CaZF) that is differentially expressed in a drought-tolerant variety of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and provides salinity-tolerance in transgenic tobacco. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae most of the cellular responses to hyper-osmotic stress is regulated by two interconnected pathways involving high osmolarity glycerol mitogen-activated protein kinase (Hog1p) and Calcineurin (CAN), a Ca2+/calmodulin-regulated protein phosphatase 2B. In this study, we report that heterologous expression of CaZF provides osmotolerance in S. cerevisiae through Hog1p and Calcineurin dependent as well as independent pathways. CaZF partially suppresses salt-hypersensitive phenotypes of hog1, can and hog1can mutants and in conjunction, stimulates HOG and CAN pathway genes with subsequent accumulation of glycerol in absence of Hog1p and CAN. CaZF directly binds to stress response element (STRE) to activate STRE-containing promoter in yeast. Transactivation and salt tolerance assays of CaZF deletion mutants showed that other than the transactivation domain a C-terminal domain composed of acidic and basic amino acids is also required for its function. Altogether, results from this study suggests that CaZF is a potential plant salt-tolerance determinant and also provide evidence that in budding yeast expression of HOG and CAN pathway genes can be stimulated in absence of their regulatory enzymes to provide osmotolerance

Ask yeast how to burn your fats: lessons learned from the metabolic adaptation to salt stress

[EN] Here, we review and update the recent advances in the metabolic control during the adaptive response of budding yeast to hyperosmotic and salt stress, which is one of the best understood signaling events at the molecular level. This environmental stress can be easily applied and hence has been exploited in the past to generate an impressively detailed and comprehensive model of cellular adaptation. It is clear now that this stress modulates a great number of different physiological functions of the cell, which altogether contribute to cellular survival and adaptation. Primary defense mechanisms are the massive induction of stress tolerance genes in the nucleus, the activation of cation transport at the plasma membrane, or the production and intracellular accumulation of osmolytes. At the same time and in a coordinated manner, the cell shuts down the expression of housekeeping genes, delays the progression of the cell cycle, inhibits genomic replication, and modulates translation efficiency to optimize the response and to avoid cellular damage. To this fascinating interplay of cellular functions directly regulated by the stress, we have to add yet another layer of control, which is physiologically relevant for stress tolerance. Salt stress induces an immediate metabolic readjustment, which includes the up-regulation of peroxisomal biomass and activity in a coordinated manner with the reinforcement of mitochondrial respiratory metabolism. Our recent findings are consistent with a model, where salt stress triggers a metabolic shift from fermentation to respiration fueled by the enhanced peroxisomal oxidation of fatty acids. We discuss here the regulatory details of this stress-induced metabolic shift and its possible roles in the context of the previously known adaptive functions.The work of the authors was supported by grants from Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (BFU2011- 23326 and BFU2016-75792-R).Pascual-Ahuir Giner, MD.; Manzanares-Estreder, S.; Timón Gómez, A.; Proft ., MH. (2017). Ask yeast how to burn your fats: lessons learned from the metabolic adaptation to salt stress. Current Genetics. 64(1):63-69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00294-017-0724-5S6369641Aguilera J, Prieto JA (2001) The Saccharomyces cerevisiae aldose reductase is implied in the metabolism of methylglyoxal in response to stress conditions. Curr Genet 39:273–283Albertyn J, Hohmann S, Thevelein JM, Prior BA (1994) GPD1, which encodes glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, is essential for growth under osmotic stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and its expression is regulated by the high-osmolarity glycerol response pathway. Mol Cell Biol 14:4135–4144Alepuz PM, Jovanovic A, Reiser V, Ammerer G (2001) Stress-induced map kinase Hog1 is part of transcription activation complexes. Mol Cell 7:767–777Alepuz PM, de Nadal E, Zapater M, Ammerer G, Posas F (2003) Osmostress-induced transcription by Hot1 depends on a Hog1-mediated recruitment of the RNA Pol II. EMBO J 22:2433–2442Ansell R, Granath K, Hohmann S, Thevelein JM, Adler L (1997) The two isoenzymes for yeast NAD+-dependent glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase encoded by GPD1 and GPD2 have distinct roles in osmoadaptation and redox regulation. EMBO J 16:2179–2187Babazadeh R, Lahtvee PJ, Adiels CB, Goksor M, Nielsen JB, Hohmann S (2017) The yeast osmostress response is carbon source dependent. Sci Rep 7:990Bender T, Pena G, Martinou JC (2015) Regulation of mitochondrial pyruvate uptake by alternative pyruvate carrier complexes. EMBO J 34:911–924Berry DB, Gasch AP (2008) Stress-activated genomic expression changes serve a preparative role for impending stress in yeast. Mol Biol Cell 19:4580–4587Bilsland-Marchesan E, Arino J, Saito H, Sunnerhagen P, Posas F (2000) Rck2 kinase is a substrate for the osmotic stress-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase Hog1. Mol Cell Biol 20:3887–3895Brewster JL, Gustin MC (2014) Hog 1: 20 years of discovery and impact. Sci Signal 7:re7Clotet J, Posas F (2007) Control of cell cycle in response to osmostress: lessons from yeast. Methods Enzymol 428:63–76Clotet J, Escote X, Adrover MA, Yaakov G, Gari E, Aldea M, de Nadal E, Posas F (2006) Phosphorylation of Hsl1 by Hog1 leads to a G2 arrest essential for cell survival at high osmolarity. EMBO J 25:2338–2346Cook KE, O’Shea EK (2012) Hog1 controls global reallocation of RNA Pol II upon osmotic shock in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genes Genomes Genetics 2:1129–1136de Nadal E, Posas F (2015) Osmostress-induced gene expression—a model to understand how stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs) regulate transcription. FEBS J 282:3275–3285de Nadal E, Alepuz PM, Posas F (2002) Dealing with osmostress through MAP kinase activation. EMBO Rep 3:735–740de Nadal E, Casadome L, Posas F (2003) Targeting the MEF2-like transcription factor Smp1 by the stress-activated Hog1 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Mol Cell Biol 23:229–237de Nadal E, Zapater M, Alepuz PM, Sumoy L, Mas G, Posas F (2004) The MAPK Hog1 recruits Rpd3 histone deacetylase to activate osmoresponsive genes. Nature 427:370–374Duch A, de Nadal E, Posas F (2013a) Dealing with transcriptional outbursts during S phase to protect genomic integrity. J Mol Biol 425:4745–4755Duch A, Felipe-Abrio I, Barroso S, Yaakov G, Garcia-Rubio M, Aguilera A, de Nadal E, Posas F (2013b) Coordinated control of replication and transcription by a SAPK protects genomic integrity. Nature 493:116–119Escote X, Zapater M, Clotet J, Posas F (2004) Hog1 mediates cell-cycle arrest in G1 phase by the dual targeting of Sic1. Nat Cell Biol 6:997–1002Ferreira C, van Voorst F, Martins A, Neves L, Oliveira R, Kielland-Brandt MC, Lucas C, Brandt A (2005) A member of the sugar transporter family, Stl1p is the glycerol/H+ symporter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Biol Cell 16:2068–2076Gonzalez R, Morales P, Tronchoni J, Cordero-Bueso G, Vaudano E, Quiros M, Novo M, Torres-Perez R, Valero E (2016) New genes involved in osmotic stress tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Front Microbiol 7:1545Ho YH, Gasch AP (2015) Exploiting the yeast stress-activated signaling network to inform on stress biology and disease signaling. Curr Genet 61:503–511Hohmann S (2015) An integrated view on a eukaryotic osmoregulation system. Curr Genet 61:373–382Hohmann S, Krantz M, Nordlander B (2007) Yeast osmoregulation. Methods Enzymol 428:29–45Hong SP, Carlson M (2007) Regulation of snf1 protein kinase in response to environmental stress. J Biol Chem 282:16838–16845Li SC, Diakov TT, Rizzo JM, Kane PM (2012) Vacuolar H+-ATPase works in parallel with the HOG pathway to adapt Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells to osmotic stress. Eukaryot Cell 11:282–291Maeta K, Izawa S, Inoue Y (2005) Methylglyoxal, a metabolite derived from glycolysis, functions as a signal initiator of the high osmolarity glycerol-mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade and calcineurin/Crz1-mediated pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 280:253–260Manzanares-Estreder S, Espi-Bardisa J, Alarcon B, Pascual-Ahuir A, Proft M (2017) Multilayered control of peroxisomal activity upon salt stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Microbiol 104:851–868Mao K, Wang K, Zhao M, Xu T, Klionsky DJ (2011) Two MAPK-signaling pathways are required for mitophagy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Cell Biol 193:755–767Martinez-Montanes F, Pascual-Ahuir A, Proft M (2010) Toward a genomic view of the gene expression program regulated by osmostress in yeast. OMICS 14:619–627Martinez-Pastor M, Proft M, Pascual-Ahuir A (2010) Adaptive changes of the yeast mitochondrial proteome in response to salt stress. OMICS 14:541–552Mas G, de Nadal E, Dechant R, Rodriguez de la Concepcion ML, Logie C, Jimeno-Gonzalez S, Chavez S, Ammerer G, Posas F (2009) Recruitment of a chromatin remodelling complex by the Hog1 MAP kinase to stress genes. EMBO J 28:326–336Mettetal JT, Muzzey D, Gomez-Uribe C, van Oudenaarden A (2008) The frequency dependence of osmo-adaptation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Science 319:482–484Molin C, Jauhiainen A, Warringer J, Nerman O, Sunnerhagen P (2009) mRNA stability changes precede changes in steady-state mRNA amounts during hyperosmotic stress. RNA 15:600–614Nadal-Ribelles M, Conde N, Flores O, Gonzalez-Vallinas J, Eyras E, Orozco M, de Nadal E, Posas F (2012) Hog1 bypasses stress-mediated down-regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II redistribution and chromatin remodeling. Genome Biol 13:R106Pastor MM, Proft M, Pascual-Ahuir A (2009) Mitochondrial function is an inducible determinant of osmotic stress adaptation in yeast. J Biol Chem 284:30307–30317Petelenz-Kurdziel E, Kuehn C, Nordlander B, Klein D, Hong KK, Jacobson T, Dahl P, Schaber J, Nielsen J, Hohmann S, Klipp E (2013) Quantitative analysis of glycerol accumulation, glycolysis and growth under hyper osmotic stress. PLoS Comput Biol 9:e1003084Posas F, Chambers JR, Heyman JA, Hoeffler JP, de Nadal E, Arino J (2000) The transcriptional response of yeast to saline stress. J Biol Chem 275:17249–17255Proft M, Struhl K (2002) Hog1 kinase converts the Sko1-Cyc8-Tup1 repressor complex into an activator that recruits SAGA and SWI/SNF in response to osmotic stress. Mol Cell 9:1307–1317Proft M, Struhl K (2004) MAP kinase-mediated stress relief that precedes and regulates the timing of transcriptional induction. Cell 118:351–361Proft M, Pascual-Ahuir A, de Nadal E, Arino J, Serrano R, Posas F (2001) Regulation of the Sko1 transcriptional repressor by the Hog1 MAP kinase in response to osmotic stress. EMBO J 20:1123–1133Proft M, Mas G, de Nadal E, Vendrell A, Noriega N, Struhl K, Posas F (2006) The stress-activated Hog1 kinase is a selective transcriptional elongation factor for genes responding to osmotic stress. Mol Cell 23:241–250Ratnakumar S, Young ET (2010) Snf1 dependence of peroxisomal gene expression is mediated by Adr1. J Biol Chem 285:10703–10714Regot S, de Nadal E, Rodriguez-Navarro S, Gonzalez-Novo A, Perez-Fernandez J, Gadal O, Seisenbacher G, Ammerer G, Posas F (2013) The Hog1 stress-activated protein kinase targets nucleoporins to control mRNA export upon stress. J Biol Chem 288:17384–17398Rep M, Krantz M, Thevelein JM, Hohmann S (2000) The transcriptional response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to osmotic shock. Hot1p and Msn2p/Msn4p are required for the induction of subsets of high osmolarity glycerol pathway-dependent genes. J Biol Chem 275:8290–8300Rep M, Proft M, Remize F, Tamas M, Serrano R, Thevelein JM, Hohmann S (2001) The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sko1p transcription factor mediates HOG pathway-dependent osmotic regulation of a set of genes encoding enzymes implicated in protection from oxidative damage. Mol Microbiol 40:1067–1083Rienzo A, Poveda-Huertes D, Aydin S, Buchler NE, Pascual-Ahuir A, Proft M (2015) Different mechanisms confer gradual control and memory at nutrient- and stress-regulated genes in yeast. Mol Cell Biol 35:3669–3683Romero-Santacreu L, Moreno J, Perez-Ortin JE, Alepuz P (2009) Specific and global regulation of mRNA stability during osmotic stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. RNA 15:1110–1120Roy A, Hashmi S, Li Z, Dement AD, Cho KH, Kim JH (2016) The glucose metabolite methylglyoxal inhibits expression of the glucose transporter genes by inactivating the cell surface glucose sensors Rgt2 and Snf3 in yeast. Mol Biol Cell 27:862–871Ruiz-Roig C, Noriega N, Duch A, Posas F, de Nadal E (2012) The Hog1 SAPK controls the Rtg1/Rtg3 transcriptional complex activity by multiple regulatory mechanisms. Mol Biol Cell 23:4286–4296Saito H, Posas F (2012) Response to hyperosmotic stress. Genetics 192:289–318Sekito T, Thornton J, Butow RA (2000) Mitochondria-to-nuclear signaling is regulated by the subcellular localization of the transcription factors Rtg1p and Rtg3p. Mol Biol Cell 11:2103–2115Silva RD, Sotoca R, Johansson B, Ludovico P, Sansonetty F, Silva MT, Peinado JM, Corte-Real M (2005) Hyperosmotic stress induces metacaspase- and mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Microbiol 58:824–834Sole C, Nadal-Ribelles M, de Nadal E, Posas F (2015) A novel role for lncRNAs in cell cycle control during stress adaptation. Curr Genet 61:299–308Tamas MJ, Luyten K, Sutherland FC, Hernandez A, Albertyn J, Valadi H, Li H, Prior BA, Kilian SG, Ramos J, Gustafsson L, Thevelein JM, Hohmann S (1999) Fps1p controls the accumulation and release of the compatible solute glycerol in yeast osmoregulation. Mol Microbiol 31:1087–1104Teige M, Scheikl E, Reiser V, Ruis H, Ammerer G (2001) Rck2, a member of the calmodulin-protein kinase family, links protein synthesis to high osmolarity MAP kinase signaling in budding yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:5625–5630Timon-Gomez A, Proft M, Pascual-Ahuir A (2013) Differential regulation of mitochondrial pyruvate carrier genes modulates respiratory capacity and stress tolerance in yeast. PLoS One 8:e79405Vanacloig-Pedros E, Bets-Plasencia C, Pascual-Ahuir A, Proft M (2015) Coordinated gene regulation in the initial phase of salt stress adaptation. J Biol Chem 290:10163–10175Warringer J, Hult M, Regot S, Posas F, Sunnerhagen P (2010) The HOG pathway dictates the short-term translational response after hyperosmotic shock. Mol Biol Cell 21:3080–3092Wei CJ, Tanner RD, Malaney GW (1982) Effect of sodium chloride on bakers’ yeast growing in gelatin. Appl Environ Microbiol 43:757–763Westfall PJ, Patterson JC, Chen RE, Thorner J (2008) Stress resistance and signal fidelity independent of nuclear MAPK function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:12212–12217Ye T, Garcia-Salcedo R, Ramos J, Hohmann S (2006) Gis4, a new component of the ion homeostasis system in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Eukaryot Cell 5:1611–1621Yoshida A, Wei D, Nomura W, Izawa S, Inoue Y (2012) Reduction of glucose uptake through inhibition of hexose transporters and enhancement of their endocytosis by methylglyoxal in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 287:701–71

Beak and feather disease virus in wild and captive parrots: an analysis of geographic and taxonomic distribution and methodological trends

Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) has emerged in recent years as a major threat to wild parrot populations and is an increasing concern to aviculturists and managers of captive populations. Pathological and serological tests for screening for the presence of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) are a critical component of efforts to manage the disease and of epidemiological studies. Since the disease was first reported in the mid-1970s, screening for BFDV has been conducted in numerous wild and captive populations. However, at present, there is no current and readily accessible synthesis of screening efforts and their results. Here, we consolidate information collected from 83 PBFD- and BFDV-based publications on the primary screening methods being used and identify important knowledge gaps regarding potential global disease hotspots. We present trends in research intensity in this field and critically discuss advances in screening techniques and their applications to both aviculture and to the management of threatened wild populations. Finally, we provide an overview of estimates of BFDV prevalence in captive and wild flocks alongside a complete list of all psittacine species in which the virus has been confirmed. Our evaluation highlights the need for standardised diagnostic tests and more emphasis on studies of wild populations, particularly in view of the intrinsic connection between global trade in companion birds and the spread of novel BFDV strains into wild populations. Increased emphasis should be placed on the screening of captive and wild parrot populations within their countries of origin across the Americas, Africa and Asia

An international effort towards developing standards for best practices in analysis, interpretation and reporting of clinical genome sequencing results in the CLARITY Challenge

There is tremendous potential for genome sequencing to improve clinical diagnosis and care once it becomes routinely accessible, but this will require formalizing research methods into clinical best practices in the areas of sequence data generation, analysis, interpretation and reporting. The CLARITY Challenge was designed to spur convergence in methods for diagnosing genetic disease starting from clinical case history and genome sequencing data. DNA samples were obtained from three families with heritable genetic disorders and genomic sequence data were donated by sequencing platform vendors. The challenge was to analyze and interpret these data with the goals of identifying disease-causing variants and reporting the findings in a clinically useful format. Participating contestant groups were solicited broadly, and an independent panel of judges evaluated their performance. RESULTS: A total of 30 international groups were engaged. The entries reveal a general convergence of practices on most elements of the analysis and interpretation process. However, even given this commonality of approach, only two groups identified the consensus candidate variants in all disease cases, demonstrating a need for consistent fine-tuning of the generally accepted methods. There was greater diversity of the final clinical report content and in the patient consenting process, demonstrating that these areas require additional exploration and standardization. CONCLUSIONS: The CLARITY Challenge provides a comprehensive assessment of current practices for using genome sequencing to diagnose and report genetic diseases. There is remarkable convergence in bioinformatic techniques, but medical interpretation and reporting are areas that require further development by many groups

Potassium and Sodium Transport in Yeast

[EN] As the proper maintenance of intracellular potassium and sodium concentrations is vital for cell growth, all living organisms have developed a cohort of strategies to maintain proper monovalent cation homeostasis. In the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, potassium is accumulated to relatively high concentrations and is required for many aspects of cellular function, whereas high intracellular sodium/potassium ratios are detrimental to cell growth and survival. The fact that S. cerevisiae cells can grow in the presence of a broad range of concentrations of external potassium (10 M–2.5 M) and sodium (up to 1.5 M) indicates the existence of robust mechanisms that have evolved to maintain intracellular concentrations of these cations within appropriate limits. In this review, current knowledge regarding potassium and sodium transporters and their regulation will be summarized. The cellular responses to high sodium and potassium and potassium starvation will also be discussed, as well as applications of this knowledge to diverse fields, including antifungal treatments, bioethanol production and human disease.L.Y. is funded by grant BFU2011-30197-C03-03 from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Madrid, Spain) and EUI2009-04147 [Systems Biology of Microorganisms (SysMo2) European Research Area-Network (ERA-NET)].Yenush, L. (2016). Potassium and Sodium Transport in Yeast. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 892:187-228. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25304-6_8S187228892Ahmed A, Sesti F, Ilan N, Shih TM, Sturley SL et al (1999) A molecular target for viral killer toxin: TOK1 potassium channels. Cell 99:283–291Albert A, Yenush L, Gil-Mascarell MR, Rodriguez PL, Patel S et al (2000) X-ray structure of yeast Hal2p, a major target of lithium and sodium toxicity, and identification of framework interactions determining cation sensitivity. J Mol Biol 295:927–938Albertyn J, Hohmann S, Thevelein JM, Prior BA (1994) GPD1, which encodes glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, is essential for growth under osmotic stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and its expression is regulated by the high-osmolarity glycerol response pathway. Mol Cell Biol 14:4135–4144Alepuz PM, Cunningham KW, Estruch F (1997) Glucose repression affects ion homeostasis in yeast through the regulation of the stress-activated ENA1 gene. Mol Microbiol 26:91–98Ali R, Brett CL, Mukherjee S, Rao R (2004) Inhibition of sodium/proton exchange by a Rab-GTPase-activating protein regulates endosomal traffic in yeast. J Biol Chem 279:4498–4506Alijo R, Ramos J (1993) Several routes of activation of the potassium uptake system of yeast. Biochim Biophys Acta 1179:224–228Anderson JA, Huprikar SS, Kochian LV, Lucas WJ, Gaber RF (1992) Functional expression of a probable Arabidopsis thaliana potassium channel in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89:3736–3740Anderson JA, Nakamura RL, Gaber RF (1994) Heterologous expression of K+ channels in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: strategies for molecular analysis of structure and function. Symp Soc Exp Biol 48:85–97André B, Scherens B (1995) The yeast YBR235w gene encodes a homolog of the mammalian electroneutral Na(+)-(K+)-C1- cotransporter family. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 217:150–153Andrés MT, Viejo-Díaz M, Fierro JF (2008) Human lactoferrin induces apoptosis-like cell death in Candida albicans: critical role of K+-channel-mediated K+ efflux. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52:4081–4088Anemaet IG, van Heusden GP (2014) Transcriptional response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to potassium starvation. BMC Genomics 15:1040Arino J, Ramos J, Sychrova H (2010) Alkali metal cation transport and homeostasis in yeasts. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 74:95–120Babazadeh R, Furukawa T, Hohmann S, Furukawa K (2014) Rewiring yeast osmostress signalling through the MAPK network reveals essential and non-essential roles of Hog1 in osmoadaptation. Sci Rep 4:4697Baev D, Rivetta A, Li XS, Vylkova S, Bashi E et al (2003) Killing of Candida albicans by human salivary histatin 5 is modulated, but not determined, by the potassium channel TOK1. Infect Immun 71:3251–3260Baev D, Rivetta A, Vylkova S, Sun JN, Zeng GF et al (2004) The TRK1 potassium transporter is the critical effector for killing of Candida albicans by the cationic protein, Histatin 5. J Biol Chem 279:55060–55072Bagriantsev SN, Ang KH, Gallardo-Godoy A, Clark KA, Arkin MR et al (2013) A high-throughput functional screen identifies small molecule regulators of temperature- and mechano-sensitive K2P channels. ACS Chem Biol 8:1841–1851Bañuelos MA, Sychrová H, Bleykasten-Grosshans C, Souciet JL, Potier S (1998) The Nha1 antiporter of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mediates sodium and potassium efflux. Microbiology 144(Pt 10):2749–2758Bañuelos MA, Ruiz MC, Jiménez A, Souciet JL, Potier S et al (2002) Role of the Nha1 antiporter in regulating K(+) influx in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 19:9–15Barnett JA (2008) A history of research on yeasts 13. Active transport and the uptake of various metabolites. Yeast 25:689–731Barreto L, Canadell D, Petrezselyova S, Navarrete C, Maresova L et al (2011) A genomewide screen for tolerance to cationic drugs reveals genes important for potassium homeostasis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Eukaryot Cell 10:1241–1250Barreto L, Canadell D, Valverde-Saubí D, Casamayor A, Ariño J (2012) The short-term response of yeast to potassium starvation. Environ Microbiol 14:3026–3042Benito B, Moreno E, Lagunas R (1991) Half-life of the plasma membrane ATPase and its activating system in resting yeast cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1063:265–268Benito B, Quintero FJ, Rodríguez-Navarro A (1997) Overexpression of the sodium ATPase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: conditions for phosphorylation from ATP and Pi. Biochim Biophys Acta 1328:214–226Benito B, Garciadeblás B, Rodríguez-Navarro A (2002) Potassium- or sodium-efflux ATPase, a key enzyme in the evolution of fungi. Microbiology 148:933–941Benito B, Garciadeblás B, Schreier P, Rodríguez-Navarro A (2004) Novel p-type ATPases mediate high-affinity potassium or sodium uptake in fungi. Eukaryot Cell 3:359–368Bernardi P (1999) Mitochondrial transport of cations: channels, exchangers, and permeability transition. Physiol Rev 79:1127–1155Bertl A, Slayman CL, Gradmann D (1993) Gating and conductance in an outward-rectifying K+ channel from the plasma membrane of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 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