Surat Edaran Menag Nomor 05 Tahun 2022 dalam Perspektif Islam Wasathiyah: Analisis Fungsi Toa, dan Pendapat Ulama

The Minister of Religious Affairs Circular Letter No. 05/2022 regarding guidelines for the use of loudspeakers in mosques and prayer rooms has attracted attention from various groups, including representatives of the people. This study aims to: (1) Understand the definition of "syiar" (Islamic propagation) and the function of loudspeakers as a means of syiar; (2) Understand the opinions of scholars in assessing the circular letter regarding the volume guidelines for loudspeakers; (3) Understand the perspective of "Wasathiyah" (moderation) in evaluating the circular letter regarding the volume guidelines for loudspeakers. The regulation of loudspeaker volume aims to create a sense of comfort for all segments of society. "Islam Wasathiyah" is considered an appropriate solution to address the challenges faced by Muslims, particularly regarding tolerance among different religious communities and within the same religious community. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with the technique of reading and note-taking as the data collection method. The main data sources include the Minister of Religious Affairs Circular Letter No. 05/2022, relevant journals, and related news articles. Data processing involves several stages, including data reduction, data presentation, and verification. The findings include: (1) "Siyar" is the activity of manifesting symbols of Islam, and loudspeakers are currently considered as instruments of syiar used for the call to prayer, "iqamah," and other religious activities. (2) Scholars from the Indonesian Council of Ulema (MUI), Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), and Muhammadiyah agree that regulating the volume of loudspeakers is crucial to create mutual comfort. (3) The Minister of Religious Affairs Circular Letter No. 05/2022 reflects the values of "Wasathiyah" in the effort to achieve consensus and diversity in the use of loudspeakers. Abstrak Surat Edaran Menag Nomor 05 Tahun 2022 tentang pedoman penggunaan pengeras suara masjid dan musala telah menuai sorotan dari berbagai kalangan, termasuk para wakil rakyat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) Mengetahui definisi tentang syiar dan fungsi TOA sebagai alat syiar; (2) Mengetahui pendapat para ulama dalam menilai surat edaran tentang pedoman volume pengeras suara; (3) Mengetahui perspektif wasathiyah dalam menilai surat edaran tentang pedoman volume pengeras suara. Pengaturan volume pengeras suara bertujuan untuk menciptakan rasa nyaman bagi semua kalangan. Islam Wasathiyah dipandang sebagai solusi yang tepat dalam menyelesaikan permasalahan umat Islam terkait toleransi antar umat beragama dan seagama. Metode yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan teknik baca dan catat sebagai teknik pengumpulan data. Sumber data utama adalah Surat Edaran Menag Nomor 05 Tahun 2022, jurnal-jurnal sebagai kajian terdahulu, dan berita-berita terkait. Pengolahan data dilakukan melalui tahap reduksi data, penyajian data, dan verifikasi. Adapun hasil antara lain (1) Syiar merupakan kegiatan menampakkan simbol-simbol agama Islam, sedangkan TOA saat ini dianggap sebagai alat syiar yang digunakan untuk azan, iqamah, dan kegiatan keagamaan lainnya. (2) Para ulama dari MUI, NU, dan Muhammadiyah sepakat bahwa pengaturan volume pengeras suara sangat penting untuk menciptakan kenyamanan bersama. (3) Surat Edaran Menag Nomor 05 Tahun 2022 mencerminkan nilai-nilai wasathiyah dalam upaya mencapai kesepakatan dan keberagaman penggunaan pengeras suara

Efficiency of Polyphenol Extraction from Artificial Honey Using C18 Cartridges and Amberlite„ XAD-2 Resin: A Comparative Study

A comparative study of the extraction efficiency of nine known polyphenols [phenolic acids (benzoic acid, dihydroxybenzoic acid, gallic acid, trans-cinnamic acid, and vanillic acid) and flavonoids (naringenin, naringin, quercetin, and rutin)] was conducted by deliberately adding the polyphenols to an artificial honey solution and performing solid phase extraction (SPE). Two SPE methods were compared: one using Amberlite XAD-2 resin and another one using a C18 cartridge. A gradient high performance liquid chromatography system with an RP18 column and photodiode array detector was utilized to analyze the extracted polyphenols. The mean percent of recovery from the C18 cartridges was 74.2%, while that from the Amberlite XAD-2 resin was 43.7%. The recoveries of vanillic acid, naringin, and rutin were excellent (>90%); however, gallic acid was not obtained when C18 cartridges were used. Additionally, the reusability of Amberlite XAD-2 resin was investigated, revealing that the mean recovery of polyphenols decreased from 43.7% (1st extraction) to 29.3% (3rd extraction). It was concluded that although Amberlite XAD-2 resin yielded a higher number of compounds, C18 cartridges gave a better extraction recovery. The lower recovery seen for the Amberlite XAD-2 resin also cannot be compensated by repeated extractions due to the gradual decrease of extraction recovery when reused

Isolation of bacterial strain for biodegradation of fats, oil and grease

Fat, oil and grease (FOG) deposition is one of the major problems that harm the environment and cause dissatisfaction for human. Uncontrolled and un-pre-treated FOG removal from the kitchen could lead to its accumulation in the piping system. Problems include the interference of fat with the aerobic microorganisms that are responsible in treating the wastewater by reducing oxygen transfer rates and for anaerobic microorganisms; their efficiency could also be reduced due to the reduction of the transport of soluble substrates to the bacterial biomass. Biodegradation could be one of the effective means to treat FOG. The main objective of this study is to isolate bacterial strains from the FOG waste and identify the strains that are capable in biodegrading FOG waste. FOG sample was collected from a sewer manhole. Enrichment technique was applied, followed by isolation of bacterial strains to determine which strain is able to degrade the FOG deposition. Some morphology for the bacterial strain was done to determine its characteristics

Statistical modelling optimisation of cellulase enzyme immobilisation on functionalised multi-walled carbon nanotubes for empty fruit bunches degradation

Cellulase obtained from the fermentation of sewage treatment plant sludge (STP) by Trichoderma-reesei RUT C-30 was covalently immobilised on functionalised multi-wall carbon nanotubes. Statistical optimisation using the Plackett–Burman design method was implemented to identify parameters with significant effects on the process of immobilisation. The results obtained from this Plackett–Burman design show that three parameters have a significant effect on immobilisation: pH, temperature, and N-ethyl-N-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) concentration. Based on our Plackett-Burman design results, these parameters were further optimised using a face-centred central composite design. The resulting optimum conditions for cellulase immobilisation, as determined by face-centred central composite design, were pH 4.5, 30°C, and 1 mL of 10mg/mL EDC. The amount of immobilised cellulase was approximately 98% using these optimum conditions. The resulting MWCNT-cellulase composite was further characterized by FTIR and SEM. The FTIR spectrum of MWCNT-cellulase composite showed an amide group peak (O = C-NH) corresponding to cellulase enzyme, which confirms that immobilisation took place

Immobilization of cellulases enzyme on Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) for cellulosic compounds degradation

The fast growing palm oil industry in Malaysia generates, amongst other wastes, Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) which consists of cellulosic materials. It is one of the major sources of Greenhouse Gases (GHG). However, the bioconversion of cellulosic materials in EFB, a renewable biomass, to valuable products will be the solution to the disposal problem and hence minimize the pollution. The bioconversion of cellulosic materials is carried out by using cellulase enzyme, which itself was extracted from sludge, immobilized on functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the presence of coupling reagent. The process parameters such as reaction temperature, reaction time, pH, and amount of enzyme, CNTs dosage and EDC were optimized by using design expert software. The morphology and the structure of CNTs were characterized by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FSEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Absorption Spectroscopic (FTIR). Firstly, carbon nanotubes were functionalized by acidic treatment. Then, the cellulase enzyme is immobilized on the functionalized (CNTs) in a solution of Nhydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylamino propyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC). The amount of enzyme attached on (CNTs) will be measured through UV spectrometer to determine the cellulases catalytic activity after immobilization and compare it with the free enzyme. Finally, the immobilized enzyme will be tested in the degradation of cellulosic material of empty fruit bunch (EFB) from palm oil mill effluent

Immobilization of fungal biomass with multi-walled carbon nanotubes as biosorbent

Aim: This study was mainly highlighted on a combination of fungal biomass onto MWCNTs in order to enhance the positive integration of impurities removal in aqueous solution. Methodology and results: The immobilization of fungal biomass and MWCNTs was done in a batch liquid medium with several factors such as agitation speed, dose of MWCNTs, pH and inoculum dosage that were conducted with one factor at one time (OFAT) method. Basically, to verify the functional group of MWCNTs, Aspergillus niger biomass and immobilized A. niger biomass, the FTIR was applied and FESEM was done to demonstrate and compare the image of the immobilized A. niger biomass with MWCNTs and fungal biomass alone. The finding showed the best agitation speed, dose of MWCNTs, pH and inoculum dosage were 150 rpm, 0.5 g, 5-6 and 2% respectively. FTIR indicates the presents of the functional groups like –OH (3270 cm -1 ), C-O (1619 cm -1 ) and –CH (2915 cm -1 ) while FESEM illustrates the images of the wrapped MWCNTs on A. niger biomass. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: The conventional technique of adsorption of fungal biomass alone not showing a favorable removal of impurities. Thus, the immobilization of fungal biomass (A. niger) with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was a good combination since both have potential functional group to accumulate to each other and has a tendency to remove effectively and efficiently the impurities in aqueous solution

An easy two-step microwave assisted synthesis of SnO2/CNT hybrids

Tin oxide (SnO2) - decorated carbon nanotube (CNT) heterostructures were synthesized by microwave assisted wet impregnation method. CNTs of three different aspect ratios were compared. The hybrid samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, BET surface area analysis and DC conductivity measurement. The results showed that the microwave assisted synthesis is a very efficient method in producing CNTs that are heavily decorated by SnO2 nanoparticles in a very short time (total reaction time of 10 min.), irrespective of their length and diameter. The hybrids showed 100 times increase in electrical conductivity when compared to the unmodified CNTs

Crossing w=-1 in Gauss-Bonnet Brane World with Induced Gravity

Recent type Ia supernovas data seemingly favor a dark energy model whose equation of state $w(z)$ crosses -1 very recently, which is a much more amazing problem than the acceleration of the universe. In this paper we show that it is possible to realize such a crossing without introducing any phantom component in a Gauss-Bonnet brane world with induced gravity, where a four dimensional curvature scalar on the brane and a five dimensional Gauss-Bonnet term in the bulk are present. In this realization, the Gauss-Bonnet term and the mass parameter in the bulk play a crucial role.Comment: Revtex 16 pages including 10 eps files, references added, to appear in Comm. Theor. Phy

Ανάπτυξη Web εφαρμογής για συσχέτιση γονιδίων

Frost, during reproductive developmental stages, especially post head emergence frost (PHEF), can result in catastrophic yield loss for wheat producers. Breeding for improved PHEF tolerance may allow greater yield to be achieved, by (i) reducing direct frost damage and (ii) facilitating earlier crop sowing to reduce the risk of late season drought and/or heat stress. This paper provides an economic feasibility analysis of breeding options for PHEF tolerant wheat varieties. It compares the economic benefit to growers with the cost of a wheat breeding program aimed at developing PHEF tolerant varieties. The APSIM wheat model, with a frost-impact and a phenology gene-based module, was employed to simulate direct and indirect yield benefits for various levels of improved frost tolerance. The economic model considers optimal profit, based on sowing date and nitrogen use, rather than achieving maximum yield. The total estimated fixed cost of breeding program was AUD 1293 million, including large scale seed production to meet seed demand, with AUD 1.2 million year(-1) to run breeding program after advanced development and large scale field experiments. The results reveal that PHEF tolerant varieties would lead to a significant increase in economic benefits through reduction in direct damage and an increase in yield through early sowing. The economic benefits to growers of up to AUD 4841 million could be realised from growing PHEF tolerant lines if useful genetic variation can be found. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the benefits are particularly sensitive to increases in fixed costs, seed replacement, discount rate, and to delays in variety release. However, the investment still remains viable for most tested scenarios. Based on comparative economic benefits, if breeders were able to develop PHEF tolerant varieties that could withstand cold temperatures -4 degrees C below the current damage threshold, there is very little further economic value of breeding total frost tolerant varieties