MAKING THE SPECIAL AND DIFFERENTIAL PROVISIONS OF WTO AGREEMENTS EFFECTIVE FOR THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES: PERSPECTIVES FROM BANGLADESH

The paper examines the various aspects of the Special and Differential (S&D) Measures of the WTO and argues that the LDCs can be integrated effectively into the world trading system on a fair and equitable basis through strengthening S&D measures in favour of them. As an active member of the LDCs, Bangladesh is interested in the S&DT and its impact on Bangladesh economy.WTO Agreements, LDCs, Special and Differential Treatment, S&D, Bangladesh

Communicative elt syllabus design for secondary schools in Bangladesh: a proposal

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Adult Delinquency and Victimization: A Test of Differential Association Theory with New Data

The theory of differential association applies not only to adolescent people but also to the adult population. A lot of studies tested this theory on delinquent behavior but tests on victimization are rare. Using West Virginia Social Survey 2020 data, this study finds that there is an association between having delinquent friends and learning of self-delinquency in the adult population. It also reports that self-victimization can be predicted with having delinquent friends. The highest probability of victimization is twice for people for having pain medication misuser friends than of people having marijuana user friends. But self-delinquent behaviors do not report to mediate the association between having delinquent friends and victimization for adults as opposed to the adolescent population. Moreover, results indicate that the victimization for having delinquent friends is most predicted for males than females. But the association with peer delinquency and self-delinquency does not vary across gender. As of interest, never-married people compared to married people reported learning marijuana use but not prescription pain medication misuse because of association with delinquent friends

Effect of neural ablation of sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase (SGPL1) in glial cells

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic intermediate of sphingolipid metabolism that regulates diverse biological processes in the brain, including neural development, differentiation, and survival. S1P-lyase (SGPL1) irreversibly cleaves S1P in the final step of sphingolipid catabolism. Interestingly, patients harboring mutations in the gene encoding this enzyme (SGPL1) often present with neurological pathologies (Choi and Saba 2019). In this study a mouse model (SGPL1fl/fl/Nes, neural-specific SGPL1-deleted mice) in which SGPL1 was explicitly inactivated in neural cells was used to investigate the impact of SGPL1-deficiency in the brain. Previous studies in this mouse model have confirmed the importance of S1P metabolism for the presynaptic architecture and neuronal autophagy (Mitroi, Deutschmann et al. 2016, Mitroi, Karunakaran et al. 2017). In the current study, further investigations have been done on this mouse model. The results show that SGPL1 ablation causes astrogliosis in SGPL1-deficient murine brain, a condition characterized by increased expression of GFAP and inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNFα. Expression of P2Y1R (another protein found in reactive astrocytes) was also found to be increased in SGPL1-deficient murine brain. Increased P2Y1R expression was also an indication of increased nucleotides (ATP or ADP) in the extracellular milieu. Intriguingly, the expressions of glycolytic enzymes were found to be increased, which lead to more ATP production in SGPL1-deficient astrocytes. In addition, mTOR-dependent impaired autophagy was observed in SGPL1-deficient astrocytes. However, upon pharmacological inhibition of S1P receptors (S1PR2/4), both glycolytic enzymes and P2Y1R expression were reversed. Besides, inhibition of P2Y1R reversed the GFAP expression and rescued IL-6 but not TNFα expression in the SGPL1-deficient astrocytes. Furthermore, microglial activation was evidenced as microglial activation marker protein (Iba1) was found to be increased in SGPL1-deficient murine brains. In addition, autophagy, one of the major mechanisms in the brain that keeps inflammation in check, was also impaired in microglia. Indeed, microglial inflammation was accompanied by defective microglial autophagy in SGPL1-deficient mice. Next, S1PR2 was identified as the mediator of both impaired autophagy and proinflammatory effects (Karunakaran, Alam et al. 2019). Moreover, two other factors involved in neurodegenerative processes, namely tau phosphorylation and histone acetylation, were also investigated in SGPL1-deficient murine brains. In hippocampal and cortical slices, S1P accumulation was accompanied by hyperphosphorylation of tau and an elevated acetylation of histone3 and histone4. Calcium chelation with BAPTA-AM rescued both tau hyperphosphorylation and histone acetylation, designating calcium as an essential mediator of these (patho)physiological functions of S1P in the brain. Afterward, it was revealed that hyperphosphorylated tau was found only in SGPL1-deficient neurons and increased histone acetylation was present only in SGPL1-deficient astrocytes (Alam, Piazzesi et al. 2020)

Structural integrity and fatigue crack propagation life assessment of welded and weld-repaired structures

Structural integrity is the science and technology of the margin between safety and disaster. Proper evaluation of the structural integrity and fatigue life of any structure (aircraft, ship, railways, bridges, gas and oil transmission pipelines, etc.) is important to ensure the public safety, environmental protection, and economical consideration. Catastrophic failure of any structure can be avoided if structural integrity is assessed and necessary precaution is taken appropriately. Structural integrity includes tasks in many areas, such as structural analysis, failure analysis, nondestructive testing, corrosion, fatigue and creep analysis, metallurgy and materials, fracture mechanics, fatigue life assessment, welding metallurgy, development of repairing technologies, structural monitoring and instrumentation etc. In this research fatigue life assessment of welded and weld-repaired joints is studied both in numerically and experimentally. A new approach for the simulation of fatigue crack growth in two elastic materials has been developed and specifically, the concept has been applied to butt-welded joint in a straight plate and in tubular joints. In the proposed method, the formation of new surface is represented by an interface element based on the interface potential energy. This method overcomes the limitation of crack growth at an artificial rate of one element length per cycle. In this method the crack propagates only when the applied load reaches the critical bonding strength. The predicted results compares well with experimental results. The Gas Metal Arc welding processes has been simulated to predict post-weld distortion, residual stresses and development of restraining forces in a butt-welded joint. The effect of welding defects and bi-axial interaction of a circular porosity and a solidification crack on fatigue crack propagation life of butt-welded joints has also been investigated. After a weld has been repaired, the specimen was tested in a universal testing machine in order to determine fatigue crack propagation life. The fatigue crack propagation life of weld-repaired specimens was compared to un-welded and as-welded specimens. At the end of fatigue test, samples were cut from the fracture surfaces of typical welded and weld-repaired specimens and are examined under Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and characteristics features from these micrographs are explained

Study of Iron Ion Transit through Three-Fold Channel of Ferritin Cage

Ferritin is an iron-storage globular protein with an ability to uptake, mineralize and release iron ions in a controllable manner. The globular hollow shell allows storage of mineralized iron, with several channels responsible for the transit of ions into the shell and out of it. Understanding of the detailed molecular functioning of ferritin is required for rational design of biomimetic conjugate nano-biosystems containing ferritin-like constituents. In this work, ferritin was investigated both numerically by all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and experimentally by Raman spectroscopy. Molecular dynamic simulations of a model system comprising iron ions (Fe2+) and a ferritin trimer expressing a three-fold channel responsible for the ion transport, have revealed a quick entering of ions in the channel. The transit of iron ions through the channel was thoroughly investigated. The transit was found to be driven by both electrostatic charge of ferritin, and interaction between the ions. Exit (expulsion) of an iron ion from the channel was observed at a condition that at least one more ion is present in the channel. Raman characterization of an iron-loaded ferritin solution revealed pronounced bands attributable to iron, as expected. However, Raman spectra of apo-ferritin, which does not contain an iron mineral, also exhibited similar bands. Based on the results of MD simulations, it was hypothesized that apo-ferritin retains iron ions in its three-fold channels, and these ions may produce the observed Raman bands. The study of molecular mechanisms involved in the iron ion transit elucidates the pathways of iron uptake and release in ferritin

Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh: Exploitations and Challenges for Host Community

Bangladesh has been facing a new crisis to provide shelter to the Rohingyas who were forcibly repatriated from Myanmar Though Rohingyas taking shelter in Bangladesh started in 1978 the last massive influx of the Rohingyas occurred on 25 August 2017 when more than 7 00 000 Rohingya refugees fled to Bangladesh due to massive crime against humanity in Myanmar More than a million Rohingya refugees live in Rohingya camps in Cox s Bazar wherein in most cases the Rohingyas are exploited in many ways for many reasons and the personal security of the Rohingya in the camps are under threat in many ways Therefore this paper explores two issues First the paper argues that the overall fundamental human rights of the Rohingya in the camps are undermined and second in other ways Rohingya also creates challenges for Bangladesh as the host countr

Metal finds and metal-working at the Parliament House Complex, Singapore

Master of ArtsCenter for Southeast Asian StudiesUniversity of Michiganhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/149090/1/013852952.pd