2,016 research outputs found
Influence of Disorder Strength on Phase Field Models of Interfacial Growth
We study the influence of disorder strength on the interface roughening
process in a phase-field model with locally conserved dynamics. We consider two
cases where the mobility coefficient multiplying the locally conserved current
is either constant throughout the system (the two-sided model) or becomes zero
in the phase into which the interface advances (one-sided model). In the limit
of weak disorder, both models are completely equivalent and can reproduce the
physical process of a fluid diffusively invading a porous media, where
super-rough scaling of the interface fluctuations occurs. On the other hand,
increasing disorder causes the scaling properties to change to intrinsic
anomalous scaling. In the limit of strong disorder this behavior prevails for
the one-sided model, whereas for the two-sided case, nucleation of domains in
front of the invading front are observed.Comment: Accepted for publication in PR
Employee control over working times: associations with subjective health and sickness absences
Study objective: To investigate the impact of employees' worktime control on health, taking into account other aspects of job control. Design: Analysis of questionnaire data in 1997 and register data on sickness absence during 1996–1998. Setting: Eight towns in Finland. Participants: 6442 municipal employees (1490 men and 4952 women) representing the staff of the towns studied. Follow up was 17 706 person years. Main results: In women, poor health and psychological distress were more prevalent among those in the lowest quartile of worktime control than those in the highest (after adjustment for potential confounders including other aspects of job control, odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals for poor health and psychological distress were 1.8 (1.5 to 2.3) and 1.6 (1.3 to 2.0), respectively). Correspondingly, the adjusted sickness absence rate was 1.2 (1.1 to 1.2) times higher in women with low worktime control than in women with high worktime control. In men, no significant associations between worktime control and health were found. These results, obtained from the total sample, were replicable within a homogeneous occupational group comprising women and men. Conclusions: Exploration of specific aspects of job control provides new information about potentially reversible causes of health problems in a working population. Worktime control is an independent predictor of health in women but not in men. Dissimilarities in the distribution of occupations between men and women are not a probable explanation for this difference
Intrinsic versus super-rough anomalous scaling in spontaneous imbibition
We study spontaneous imbibition using a phase field model in a two
dimensional system with a dichotomic quenched noise. By imposing a constant
pressure at the origin, we study the case when the interface
advances at low velocities, obtaining the scaling exponents ,
and within the intrinsic
anomalous scaling scenario. These results are in quite good agreement with
experimental data recently published. Likewise, when we increase the interface
velocity, the resulting scaling exponents are , and . Moreover, we observe that the local
properties of the interface change from a super-rough to an intrinsic anomalous
description when the contrast between the two values of the dichotomic noise is
increased. From a linearized interface equation we can compute analytically the
global scaling exponents which are comparable to the numerical results,
introducing some properties of the quenched noise.Comment: Accepted for publication in Physical Review
Microscopic mechanism for cold denaturation
We elucidate the mechanism of cold denaturation through constant-pressure
simulations for a model of hydrophobic molecules in an explicit solvent. We
find that the temperature dependence of the hydrophobic effect is the driving
force/induces/facilitates cold denaturation. The physical mechanism underlying
this phenomenon is identified as the destabilization of hydrophobic contact in
favor of solvent separated configurations, the same mechanism seen in pressure
induced denaturation. A phenomenological explanation proposed for the mechanism
is suggested as being responsible for cold denaturation in real proteins
Interface Equations for Capillary Rise in Random Environment
We consider the influence of quenched noise upon interface dynamics in 2D and
3D capillary rise with rough walls by using phase-field approach, where the
local conservation of mass in the bulk is explicitly included. In the 2D case
the disorder is assumed to be in the effective mobility coefficient, while in
the 3D case we explicitly consider the influence of locally fluctuating
geometry along a solid wall using a generalized curvilinear coordinate
transformation. To obtain the equations of motion for meniscus and contact
lines, we develop a systematic projection formalism which allows inclusion of
disorder. Using this formalism, we derive linearized equations of motion for
the meniscus and contact line variables, which become local in the Fourier
space representation. These dispersion relations contain effective noise that
is linearly proportional to the velocity. The deterministic parts of our
dispersion relations agree with results obtained from other similar studies in
the proper limits. However, the forms of the noise terms derived here are
quantitatively different from the other studies
Diffusion-controlled anisotropic growth of stable and metastable crystal polymorphs in the phase-field crystal model
The official published version of the article can be accessed from the link below - Copyright @ 2009 APSWe use a simple density functional approach on a diffusional time scale, to address freezing to the body-centered cubic (bcc), hexagonal close-packed (hcp), and face-centered cubic (fcc) structures. We observe faceted equilibrium shapes and diffusion-controlled layerwise crystal growth consistent with two-dimensional nucleation. The predicted growth anisotropies are discussed in relation with results from experiment and atomistic simulations. We also demonstrate that varying the lattice constant of a simple cubic substrate, one can tune the epitaxially growing body-centered tetragonal structure between bcc and fcc, and observe a Mullins-Sekerka-Asaro-Tiller-Grinfeld-type instability.This work has been supported by the EU FP7
Collaborative Project ENSEMBLE under Grant
Agreement NMP4-SL-2008-213669, the Hungarian
Academy of Sciences under contract OTKA-K-62588, the Academy of Finland via its COMP CoE grant, and by Tekes via its MASIT33 project. A. J. acknowledges financial
support from the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters. T. P. acknowledges support from the Bolyai Ja´nos Grant
A cluster randomised controlled trial of the efficacy of a brief walking intervention delivered in primary care : study protocol
Background: The aim of the present research is to conduct a fully powered explanatory trial to evaluate the
efficacy of a brief self-regulation intervention to increase walking. The intervention will be delivered in primary care
by practice nurses (PNs) and Healthcare Assistants (HCAs) to patients for whom increasing physical activity is a
particular priority. The intervention has previously demonstrated efficacy with a volunteer population, and
subsequently went through an iterative process of refinement in primary care, to maximise acceptability to both
providers and recipients.
Methods/ Design: This two arm cluster randomised controlled trial set in UK general practices will compare two
strategies for increasing walking, assessed by pedometer, over six months. Patients attending practices randomised
to the self-regulation intervention arm will receive an intervention consisting of behaviour change techniques
designed to increase walking self-efficacy (confidence in ability to perform the behaviour), and to help people
translate their “good” intentions into behaviour change by making plans. Patients attending practices randomised
to the information provision arm will receive written materials promoting walking, and a short unstructured
discussion about increasing their walking.
The trial will recruit 20 PN/HCAs (10 per arm), who will be trained by the research team to deliver the selfregulation
intervention or information provision control intervention, to 400 patients registered at their practices
(20 patients per PN/HCA). This will provide 85% power to detect a mean difference of five minutes/day walking
between the self-regulation intervention group and the information provision control group. Secondary outcomes
include health services costs, and intervention effects in sub-groups defined by age, ethnicity, gender, socioeconomic
status, and clinical condition. A mediation analysis will investigate the extent to which changes in
constructs specified by the Theory of Planned Behaviour lead to changes in objectively assessed walking behaviour.
Discussion: This trial addresses the current lack of evidence for interventions that are effective at increasing
walking and that can be offered to patients in primary care. The intervention being evaluated has demonstrated
efficacy, and has been through an extensive process of adaptation to ensure acceptability to both provider and
recipient, thus optimising fidelity of intervention delivery and treatment receipt. It therefore provides a strong test
of the hypothesis that a self-regulation intervention can help primary care patients increase their walking
Hierarchy Measures in Complex Networks
Using each node's degree as a proxy for its importance, the topological
hierarchy of a complex network is introduced and quantified. We propose a
simple dynamical process used to construct networks which are either maximally
or minimally hierarchical. Comparison with these extremal cases as well as with
random scale-free networks allows us to better understand hierarchical versus
modular features in several real-life complex networks. For random scale-free
topologies the extent of topological hierarchy is shown to smoothly decline
with -- the exponent of a degree distribution -- reaching its highest
possible value for and quickly approaching zero for .Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure
- …