RFID For Document Management: Assessment of Scenarios Implementation: An Arab case study

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems are used in a variety of applications to uniquely identify physical objects. The operation of RFID systems often involves a situation in which numerous tags are present in the interrogation zone of a single reader at the same time. Although RFID is currently a hot topic, many organizations are slow in adopting RFID to conduct more effective and efficient business processes. This study presents an analysis toward understanding the evaluation of business value and introducing RFID at a public ministry in an Arab country. This study propose a framework based of three phases for the assessment of RFID technology, hoping that a better understanding of the business value of RFID will encourage more organizations to implement it

he position of Al-\u27Afu according to Usuli scholars

The legal rulings had came free from useless ramifications and divisions. The purpose was to make things easy for people. So avoiding ramification at the time of legislation was a certain objective among the objectives of the Legislator that prevailed in all His rulings except for the domain of worship. What further strengthened the foundation of leniency is the existence of a space that is free from legislation, the usuli scholars labeled as the space or the position of Al-\u27afu. This research is devoted to discuss the issue of this position and its place in the usuli research. Light is shed upon its concept and its relationship with similar terms such as permission, free selection, allowably and etc. Legal authentification was sought for the concept of Al-\u27afu and the reason why so many usuli scholars did not investigate this concept in their usuli studies, were explained. This study, furthermore, attempted to find out to what extent this concept could be applied? Could it be applied so to include all new events occurring to people after the epoch of Revelation? Moreover, this study tried to refute the allegation claming that the jurists had restricted this position through various interpretations and they have expanded the area of obligation and prohibition on the expense of the area of Al-\u27afu. Sources of the position of Al-\u27afu in usuli research were identified and finally the results of the study were cite

Prospective Jurisprudence The Concept, the Advantages, & Its Legal Instruments

This study sheds light on Fiqh Istishraf- Prospective Jurisprudence in terms of its concept, advantages and foundational tools. It follows a deductive and analytical method to establish its definition, describe its legal outcomes and determine its tools. The study concludes with some important findings. It shows that the term Fiqh Istishraf\u27 aims at the grasping of predictable benefits and the preventing of expectable evils. The proper space for it to apply is the scope of public law which dwells on future issues from a general nature. The main advantages of this method could be seen in: providing legal responses for future issues, examining legal causes\u27 soundness, advancing jurisprudential abstracts and creating an exercise arena to further jurisprudential activities. The main tools to it could be related to concepts like blocking the means of evil (Saddu Dhari\u27ah), common interest (Maslaha Mursalah), juristic preference (Istihsan), consideration of outcomes (I\u27tibar al-Ma\u27al) and applicatory regulations of Ijtihad

Hybrid spiral-dynamic bacteria-chemotaxis algorithm with application to control two-wheeled machines

This paper presents the implementation of the hybrid spiral-dynamic bacteria-chemotaxis (HSDBC) approach to control two different configurations of a two-wheeled vehicle. The HSDBC is a combination of bacterial chemotaxis used in bacterial forging algorithm (BFA) and the spiral-dynamic algorithm (SDA). BFA provides a good exploration strategy due to the chemotaxis approach. However, it endures an oscillation problem near the end of the search process when using a large step size. Conversely; for a small step size, it affords better exploitation and accuracy with slower convergence. SDA provides better stability when approaching an optimum point and has faster convergence speed. This may cause the search agents to get trapped into local optima which results in low accurate solution. HSDBC exploits the chemotactic strategy of BFA and fitness accuracy and convergence speed of SDA so as to overcome the problems associated with both the SDA and BFA algorithms alone. The HSDBC thus developed is evaluated in optimizing the performance and energy consumption of two highly nonlinear platforms, namely single and double inverted pendulum-like vehicles with an extended rod. Comparative results with BFA and SDA show that the proposed algorithm is able to result in better performance of the highly nonlinear systems

The Emirate of Damascus in the early Crusading period, 488-549/1095-1154

This study "The Emirate of Damascus During the Early Crusading Period 488-549/1095-1154 deals with this Emirate which was established in 488/1095, after the defeat and the murder of Taj al-Dawla Tutush near Rayy in 488/1095 by his nephew Sultan Berkiyaruq Ibn Sult-an Malik-Sh5h. The dominions of Ti al-Dawla, mainly in Syria and the Jazira divided between his elder sons King Fakhr al-Mullik Ridwan in Aleppo and King Shams al-Muliik Ducfaq in Damascus. The Kingdom of Damascus comprized south Syria and some parts of the Jazira such as al- Rahba and Mayyafäriqin. Zahir al-Din Tughtekln, who was Atabek of King Duclaq, became the de facto ruler of Damascus during the reign of King Duqaq 488-497/1095-1104. After the death of Duqaq, Tughtekin was to be the real Amir of Damascus, and his dynasty was to gain control of the Emirate until its fall at the hands of Niir al-Din Mahmild of Aleppo in 549/1154. In this thesis, the following matters are discussed: 1. The conditions which led to the foundation of this Emirate. 2. The role of Tughtekin in establishing his authority in the Emirate. 3. The foreign policy of the Emirate, and the factors which shaped this policy. 4. The effects (on the Emirate) of the coming of the Crusaders particularly those of Jerusalem. S. Internal rivalries in the Emirate, and their influence on the stability of the Emirate and its external relations. 6. The policy of alliances adopted by the Emirate and the factors which affected this. 7. The influence of the growing power of Zangi of Aleppo and Mosul (521-541/1127-1146) on Damascus and why he did not succeed in annexing Damascus to his united front in Syria and the Jazira aimed at challenging the power of the Crusaders. 8. The reasons which helped Mir al-Din Mahmüd Ibn Zangi of Aleppo to annex Damascus to his state in 549/1154. 9. The importance of the military power of Damascus and Its role in protecting the Emirate. Finally a concluding section sums up the achievement of the Emirate of Damascus in maintaining its Independence during the period and the role of the Emirate in the Counter-Crusade

Antimony implants for ultra-shallow junctions in silicon.

This thesis reports a study of a viable way to produce ultra-shallow n-p junctions for the next generation of CMOS devices (10-20nm node or logic technology). The ion implantation of an alternative species to arsenic (As) namely antimony (Sb) for n-type doping in silicon has been investigated. Being a heavier ion, antimony has the potential to give rise to very sharp doping profiles with little lateral and longitudinal straggling. It experiences no implant induced Transient Enhanced Diffusion (TED), as it is a vacancy-assisted diffuser. A detailed study of the electrical characteristics of the antimony implanted at energies ranging from 2 keV to 40 keV into silicon layers as a function of annealing conditions is made in the range 600?C to ll00?C for times of seconds to hours. A comparison between antimony and arsenic is made with respect to electrical activation and sheet resistance. A novel Differential Hall Effect technique has been developed to obtain doping profiles at a depth resolution down to 2nm with junction depths of about 20nm. A comparison has made between single implants [(5keV Sb+, 5x1014cm-2), (2 keV Sb+, 1x1015cm-2)] and double implants [(5 keV Sb+, 5x10 14cm-2 + 70 keV Sb+, 3x1013cm-2), (2 keV Sb+, 1x10 15 + 30 keV Sb+, 2x1013cm-2)] in terms of electrical profiling. Double implants enable profiling down to the 1018 cm-3 carrier concentration level. We include a comparison between differential Hall effect (DHE) measurements of carrier concentration and mobility profiles and Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) measurements of the atomic profiles for different annealing temperatures. Rutherford Back Scattering (RBS) has been used to calculate the retained dose of the samples both as implanted and after thermal treatment, and to obtain information about the atomic distribution of the dopant inside the layer, especially in terms of its lattice ocation, and of the damage induced by the bombardment. The key findings in the thesis are: It has been demonstrated that a low thermal budget causes negligible diffusion and the formation of shallow junctions in low energy (2-5 keV) antimony implanted silicon. Antimony implants for ultra-shallow junctions in silicon. We have confirmed that the electrical activation decreases and the sheet resistance increases for antimony implanted Si with increasing temperature and time, however, arsenic behaves in the opposite way. A Hall effect profiling technique has been developed to measure shallow doping profiles (<20nm) in ion implanted silicon with nanometre resolution. The technique has been applied to electrical profiling of 2-5 keV implants of antimony in silicon. We have successfully profiled single low energy implants of antimony and also double implants; the latter enables complete profiles to be measured down to a concentration of about 1018 cm-3. Finally the main conclusion from this work is that low energy (2-5 keV) implants of antimony followed by annealing in the range 600-800&deg;C produce ultra shallow junctions which are close to meeting the specifications of the ITRS for future generations of CMOS devices

Antimony implants for ultra-shallow junctions in silicon.

This thesis reports a study of a viable way to produce ultra-shallow n-p junctions for the next generation of CMOS devices (10-20nm node or logic technology). The ion implantation of an alternative species to arsenic (As) namely antimony (Sb) for n-type doping in silicon has been investigated. Being a heavier ion, antimony has the potential to give rise to very sharp doping profiles with little lateral and longitudinal straggling. It experiences no implant induced Transient Enhanced Diffusion (TED), as it is a vacancy-assisted diffuser. A detailed study of the electrical characteristics of the antimony implanted at energies ranging from 2 keV to 40 keV into silicon layers as a function of annealing conditions is made in the range 600?C to ll00?C for times of seconds to hours. A comparison between antimony and arsenic is made with respect to electrical activation and sheet resistance. A novel Differential Hall Effect technique has been developed to obtain doping profiles at a depth resolution down to 2nm with junction depths of about 20nm. A comparison has made between single implants [(5keV Sb+, 5x1014cm-2), (2 keV Sb+, 1x1015cm-2)] and double implants [(5 keV Sb+, 5x10 14cm-2 + 70 keV Sb+, 3x1013cm-2), (2 keV Sb+, 1x10 15 + 30 keV Sb+, 2x1013cm-2)] in terms of electrical profiling. Double implants enable profiling down to the 1018 cm-3 carrier concentration level. We include a comparison between differential Hall effect (DHE) measurements of carrier concentration and mobility profiles and Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) measurements of the atomic profiles for different annealing temperatures. Rutherford Back Scattering (RBS) has been used to calculate the retained dose of the samples both as implanted and after thermal treatment, and to obtain information about the atomic distribution of the dopant inside the layer, especially in terms of its lattice ocation, and of the damage induced by the bombardment. The key findings in the thesis are: It has been demonstrated that a low thermal budget causes negligible diffusion and the formation of shallow junctions in low energy (2-5 keV) antimony implanted silicon. Antimony implants for ultra-shallow junctions in silicon. We have confirmed that the electrical activation decreases and the sheet resistance increases for antimony implanted Si with increasing temperature and time, however, arsenic behaves in the opposite way. A Hall effect profiling technique has been developed to measure shallow doping profiles (<20nm) in ion implanted silicon with nanometre resolution. The technique has been applied to electrical profiling of 2-5 keV implants of antimony in silicon. We have successfully profiled single low energy implants of antimony and also double implants; the latter enables complete profiles to be measured down to a concentration of about 1018 cm-3. Finally the main conclusion from this work is that low energy (2-5 keV) implants of antimony followed by annealing in the range 600-800&deg;C produce ultra shallow junctions which are close to meeting the specifications of the ITRS for future generations of CMOS devices

The Emirate of Damascus in the early crusading period 488-549/1095-1154

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:DX91069 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Social Integration of People with Sensory Disabilities: A Juristic Maqāṣidic Study in Personal Status: الدمج الاجتماعي لذوي الإعاقة الحسية: دراسة فقهية مقاصدية في الأحوال الشخصية

Considering the increase in the number of people with disabilities, and the great attention this group receives from community institutions at the medical, social and educational levels, this research aims to reflect the attention of Islamic Sharīʽah in integrating and protecting the rights of persons with disabilities and establishing the principle of inclusion, equality and justice between them and the rest of the members of the same society by studying the jurisprudential personal status rulings for the people with sensory disabilities. The goal is to clarify the Sharīʽah objectives of these jurisprudential rulings on the one hand and link them to modern psychological and social studies on the other hand. The research problem lies in the need to reveal the compatibility of Sharīʽah rulings for the people with disabilities with the objectives of Sharīʽah. The research combines inductive, analytical, descriptive, and comparative approaches. Among the most important findings of the study is that, in its rulings for the people with sensory disabilities, Islamic Sharīʽah considered the sensory, physical, psychological, and social objectives, as well as all the differences and the characteristics that distinguish them from others. The study also found that marriage helps to integrate people with disabilities into society, overcome many of the difficulties they face, as well as the concerns of disability