Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Applications of Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)

Medical science is a field of study that is relevant to all people, but the development of pharmaceutical, biomedical and life science is of particular importance. In these fields, further studies are being established to determine with incredible accuracy the quantities and concentration of inorganic elements and organic compounds, such as nucleotides, sulphur and phosphorous containing peptides and proteins, to be used in all kinds of drugs. Since 1980, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has emerged as a new and powerful technique for elemental and isotopic analysis. It provides a means for the analysis of an extremely wide range of elements and the co-analysis of most elements in the periodic table. It can also be used for qualitative, quantitative and semiquantitative analysis and for the measurement of isotopic ratios through mass-to-charge ratios. In recent years, ICP-MS has emerged as the best technique for the quantification of inorganic impurities in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. This chapter focuses on introducing the applications of ICP-MS in the pharmaceutical and biomedical fields. Some problems facing ICP-MS are also presented at the end of this chapter

Investigation of the presence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in groundwater of Jazan area, Saudi Arabia

Purpose: To investigate the possible occurrence of some selected  pharmaceutical compounds in the groundwater of Jazan area, Saudi Arabia.Methods: Water samples from 46 wells were collected from different sites covering Jazan area of Saudi Arabia between February and March 2017. These samples were first analyzed to investigate the presence of eleven drugs mostly used in the study area. Thereafter, samples were subjected to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) by direct injection and external standard calibration.Results: Despite the low detection limit (0.001 - 0.02 μg/L) applied to the investigated compounds with a variety chemical groups (acetylsalicylic acid, paracetamol, ibuprofen, metronidazole, caffeine, olmesartan, omeprazole, nifedipine, diclofenac sodium, glibenclamide and loratidine), none of these compounds was detected in any of the analyzed samples.Conclusion: The main source of environmental contamination with  pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) is wastewater. The results obtained reveal the absence of groundwater contamination by these compounds in Jazan area. However, further extended investigations and monitoring are recommended.Keywords: Pharmaceuticals, Groundwater, Wastewater, Pollution, Personal care products, Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS

Environmental impact of a non selective herbicide, the glyphosate : approach modelled in controlled and natural conditions

Les principaux processus et facteurs qui influent sur le devenir du glyphosate dans les sols et le risque de contamination de la ressource en eau ont été étudiés. Son adsorption sur les sols est très rapide (Kf compris suivant le sol entre 16,6 à 34,5) et l’effet du pH sur ce processus a été confirmé : l’adsorption diminue quand le pH des sols augmente. Par contre, le glyphosate se désorbe difficilement et sa dégradation en conditions contrôlées ou naturelles est rapide, mais sa dynamique est très variable suivant l’activité biologique des sols. La dégradation conduit à la formation d’un métabolite, l’AMPA qui tend à s’accumuler dans le sol. L’expérimentation en colonnes de sol confirme la faible mobilité du glyphosate et de l’AMPA. Les résidus exportés par les percolats sur une période de 332 jours représentent moins de 0,28 % de la dose appliquée. Les propriétés hydrodynamique du sol et la pluviométrie rencontrée ont un effet important dans le lessivage des résidus.The main processes and factors which influence glyphosate fate in soils and the risks of water resources contamination were studied. Its adsorption in the soils was very fast and intense (Kf between 16.6 to 34.5 depending on the soil) and the effect of pH on this process was confirmed: adsorption decreases when soil pH increased. In addition, glyphosate was slightly desorbed and its degradation in controlled or natural conditions was fast, but its kinetics was very variable according to the biological activity of the soils. Degradation led to the formation of the metabolite (AMPA), which tends to accumulate in the soil. The experimentation in columns of different soils confirmed the low mobility of the glyphosate and the AMPA. The residues exported by the leachates after more than 332 days represented less than 0.28% of the amount applied. The hydrodynamic properties of the soil and the pluviometry observed had a significant effect on the leaching of the residues

Impact sur l'environnement d'un herbicide non sélectif, le glyphosate : approche modélisée en conditions contrôlées et naturelles

The main processes and factors which influence glyphosate fate in soils and the risks of water resources contamination were studied. Its adsorption in the soils was very fast and intense (Kf between 16.6 to 34.5 depending on the soil) and the effect of pH on this process was confirmed: adsorption decreases when soil pH increased. In addition, glyphosate was slightly desorbed and its degradation in controlled or natural conditions was fast, but its kinetics was very variable according to the biological activity of the soils. Degradation led to the formation of the metabolite (AMPA), which tends to accumulate in the soil. The experimentation in columns of different soils confirmed the low mobility of the glyphosate and the AMPA. The residues exported by the leachates after more than 332 days represented less than 0.28% of the amount applied. The hydrodynamic properties of the soil and the pluviometry observed had a significant effect on the leaching of the residues.Les principaux processus et facteurs qui influent sur le devenir du glyphosate dans les sols et le risque de contamination de la ressource en eau ont été étudiés. Son adsorption sur les sols est très rapide (Kf compris suivant le sol entre 16,6 à 34,5) et l'effet du pH sur ce processus a été confirmé : l'adsorption diminue quand le pH des sols augmente. Par contre, le glyphosate se désorbe difficilement et sa dégradation en conditions contrôlées ou naturelles est rapide, mais sa dynamique est très variable suivant l'activité biologique des sols. La dégradation conduit à la formation d'un métabolite, l'AMPA qui tend à s'accumuler dans le sol. L'expérimentation en colonnes de sol confirme la faible mobilité du glyphosate et de l'AMPA. Les résidus exportés par les percolats sur une période de 332 jours représentent moins de 0,28 % de la dose appliquée. Les propriétés hydrodynamique du sol et la pluviométrie rencontrée ont un effet important dans le lessivage des résidu

Impact sur l'environnement d'un herbicide non sélectif, le glyphosate (approche modélisée en conditions contrôlées et naturelles)

Les principaux processus et facteurs qui influent sur le devenir du glyphosate dans les sols et le risque de contamination de la ressource en eau ont été étudiés. Son adsorption sur les sols est très rapide (Kf compris suivant le sol entre 16,6 à 34,5) et l effet du pH sur ce processus a été confirmé : l adsorption diminue quand le pH des sols augmente. Par contre, le glyphosate se désorbe difficilement et sa dégradation en conditions contrôlées ou naturelles est rapide, mais sa dynamique est très variable suivant l activité biologique des sols. La dégradation conduit à la formation d un métabolite, l AMPA qui tend à s accumuler dans le sol. L expérimentation en colonnes de sol confirme la faible mobilité du glyphosate et de l AMPA. Les résidus exportés par les percolats sur une période de 332 jours représentent moins de 0,28 % de la dose appliquée. Les propriétés hydrodynamique du sol et la pluviométrie rencontrée ont un effet important dans le lessivage des résidus.The main processes and factors which influence glyphosate fate in soils and the risks of water resources contamination were studied. Its adsorption in the soils was very fast and intense (Kf between 16.6 to 34.5 depending on the soil) and the effect of pH on this process was confirmed: adsorption decreases when soil pH increased. In addition, glyphosate was slightly desorbed and its degradation in controlled or natural conditions was fast, but its kinetics was very variable according to the biological activity of the soils. Degradation led to the formation of the metabolite (AMPA), which tends to accumulate in the soil. The experimentation in columns of different soils confirmed the low mobility of the glyphosate and the AMPA. The residues exported by the leachates after more than 332 days represented less than 0.28% of the amount applied. The hydrodynamic properties of the soil and the pluviometry observed had a significant effect on the leaching of the residues.NANCY-INPL-Bib. électronique (545479901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Sorption and leaching of 14C-glyphosate in agricultural soils

Glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) is one of the most widely used herbicides in the world to control weeds in agricultural and urban areas. Its increasing use requires special attention to its transfer from terrestrial to aquatic environments. However, knowledge on the leaching of glyphosate and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) is scarce. Here we aimed to assess the dynamic interactions between glyphosate sorption and leaching; and to identify the main factors that influence the two processes in three undisturbed agricultural soils using microlysimeters under outdoor conditions. We studied the sorption, desorption and leaching of 14C-labelled glyphosate on three soils using batch experiments in the laboratory and lysimeters under natural conditions for 11 months. The laboratory results showed that glyphosate was strongly adsorbed, yielding empirical constants of Freundlich sorption isotherms (K of 16.6 for the clay loam soil, 33.6 for the silt clay loam soil and 34.5 for the sandy loam soil, with n close to 1 in all three cases. Glyphosate was also weakly desorbed, i.e. 5 to 24% (w) of initially sorbed glyphosate. Sorption and desorption were only pH-dependent. The outdoor results showed that nearly 70% of the initial glyphosate was present in the soil in a non-extractable form at the beginning of the experiment. Conversely, only less than 20% of the initial glyphosate is present in the soil in a non-extractable form after 11 months. These findings suggest that the non-extractable residues become available and take part in biodegradation and leaching. The amounts of 14C-glyphosate derivatives leached were less than 0.28% of the initially applied glyphosate. HPLC analyses showed that the AMPA metabolite generally represented up to 100% of the residues present in the leachates. The results of leaching were highly influenced by the hydrodynamic properties and the biodegradation capacities of the soils. Although glyphosate residues were found in low concentrations in the leachates for almost a year, the contamination of groundwater does not seem to be a concern, regardless of the soil type, if the herbicide is used in accordance with good agricultural practice

The Impact of Monetary Policy Instruments on GDP and Inflation in the Kingdom of Bahrain Aligned with 2030 Vision

This thesis analyzes the monetary policy tools used by the Central Bank of Bahrain and correlates its impact on GDP and inflation aligned with Bahrain vision 2030. A sample of eight years from 2008 to 2016 is used to produce the results. The statistical analysis analyzes the Variances between the indicators of the independent variable and the Variances of the Dependent Variable to reach results. The search for monetary policy is concerned with money supply with its three concepts, interest rates and the role it plays in controlling inflation, and the exchange rate policy in the balance of trade and GDP. The research will explain the gross domestic product, its inputs and causes of variation, and explains inflation, and its causes and consequences. The study found that at 95% significance believed that monetary policy tools do affect GDP and not inflation. The researcher recommends a number of recommendations, the most important of which is the need for a study that gives the central bank more flexibility and independence to formulate policies that suit its objectives

Heavy Metal Contamination in Leafy Vegetables Grown in Jazan Region of Saudi Arabia: Assessment of Possible Human Health Hazards

The food chain, through vegetable consumption, is considered to be an important route of heavy metal exposure. Therefore, in this study, heavy metal concentrations in leafy vegetables grown in the Jazan region of Saudi Arabia were assessed using an ICP-MS. Lettuce, radish, mint, parsley and jarjir (Arugula) were selected for study and subjected to digestion using HCl. The results indicated that the Fe level was highest in all vegetables, while jarjir was the most contaminated vegetable. However, no tested metal exceeded the maximum permissible limits set by the FAO/WHO and European Committee. The possible health hazards associated with the exposure to metal contaminants via vegetable consumption were evaluated by estimating target hazard quotient (THQ) values, and the results revealed that the vegetables grown in close proximity of Jazan city were the most contaminated and those in Darb the least. However, the daily intakes of all the tested metals were well below the corresponding oral reference doses (RfDs), and the THQ values were less than unity, suggesting that the vegetables grown in the studied region were safe and the heavy metal exposure via vegetable consumption was unlikely to cause adverse effects to the local inhabitants of the region

Heavy Metal Contamination in Leafy Vegetables Grown in Jazan Region of Saudi Arabia: Assessment of Possible Human Health Hazards

The food chain, through vegetable consumption, is considered to be an important route of heavy metal exposure. Therefore, in this study, heavy metal concentrations in leafy vegetables grown in the Jazan region of Saudi Arabia were assessed using an ICP-MS. Lettuce, radish, mint, parsley and jarjir (Arugula) were selected for study and subjected to digestion using HCl. The results indicated that the Fe level was highest in all vegetables, while jarjir was the most contaminated vegetable. However, no tested metal exceeded the maximum permissible limits set by the FAO/WHO and European Committee. The possible health hazards associated with the exposure to metal contaminants via vegetable consumption were evaluated by estimating target hazard quotient (THQ) values, and the results revealed that the vegetables grown in close proximity of Jazan city were the most contaminated and those in Darb the least. However, the daily intakes of all the tested metals were well below the corresponding oral reference doses (RfDs), and the THQ values were less than unity, suggesting that the vegetables grown in the studied region were safe and the heavy metal exposure via vegetable consumption was unlikely to cause adverse effects to the local inhabitants of the region