Representing the West in the Writings of Rifāʿah Rāfiʿ Al-Ṭahṭāwī, Muḥammad ʿAbduh, and ʿAbd Allah Al-Nadīm

This thesis approaches representations of the West in the writings of three Egyptian intellectuals in the 19th century. The writings of Rifāʿah Rāfiʿ Al-Ṭahṭāwī, Muḥammad ʿAbduh, and ʿAbdullah Al-Nadīm reveal the social and cultural challenges under the pressure of Westernisation. My original contribution to knowledge is to show that Occidentalism and selective rejection of Western culture functioned as a strategic tool of containing Westernisation by maintaining difference and guarding identity. This was necessary for these authors who wanted to heal society from Eastern decadence without losing cultural and religious authenticity. The introduction explores the research question, explaining several key terms, and setting the boundaries of the research. The first chapter provides a historical context of Egypt and the influence of Westernisation on society and culture. The second chapter is a literature review on the Nahḍa and Occidentalism that highlights how conventional scholarship tends to overemphasise Westernised figures and texts and gives little attention to cultural processes other than straightforward Westernisation. Chapter three discusses Al-Ṭahṭāwī as the first Arab Occidentalist. The chapter will focus on Al-Ṭahṭāwī’s 1934 travelogue on his time in France where we find an attempt to negotiate a modern Egyptian identity in relation to Europe. Chapter four looks at representations of the West in ʿAbduh’s debates with French historian Gabriel Hanotaux. Within the context of defending Islam, ʿAbduh rejects the rigid polarity between East and West and questions the universality of European modernity. Chapter Five draws attention to Al-Nadīm’s ‘glowing hatred’ of Europe. Al-Nadīm used representations of the West to stir anti-European feelings in his readers during the revolution and after occupation. The Conclusion stresses the importance of studying the phenomenon of Arab Occidentalism as a tool of containing Westernisation. Ultimately, this thesis seeks to stress the complexity of the legacy of the Nahḍa which is often reduced to a process of Westernisation

Green Architecture with an Example in Amman – Jordan

This Article Is about The principles of green architecture Adaptation to climate, such as Energy Conservation, Respect for the site, Respect for dealers and users, the inclusive design, and Global and Local examples of Green Architecture, with mention some recommendation about scarcity of rainwater and exploitation each of solar energy and wind power. Keywords: sustainable building; environmental management; resource conservation; cost efficiency; human adaptation

On Centralizing and Generalized Derivations Of prime Rings with involution

 Let (R,∗) be a 2-torsion free ∗-prime ring with involution ∗, L= 0 be a nonzero square closed ∗-Lie ideal of R and Z the center of R. An additive mapping F: R −→ R is called a generalized derivation on R if there exists a derivation d: R−→Rcommutes with ∗ such that F(xy) = F(x)y +xd(y) holds for all x,y ∈ R. In the present paper, we shall show that L is contained in the center of R such that R admits a generalized derivations F and G with associated derivations d and g commute with ∗ satisfying several conditions

New Explicit Solutions for Homogeneous Kdv Equations of Third Order by Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Function Methods

In this paper, we study two-component evolutionary systems of the homogeneous KdV equation of the third order types (I) and (II). Trigonometric and hyperbolic function methods such as the sine-cosine method, the rational sine-cosine method, the rational sinh-cosh method, sech-csch method and rational tanh-coth method are used for analytical treatment of these systems. These methods, have the advantage of reducing the nonlinear problem to a system of algebraic equations that can be solved by computerized packages

Oil Affairs in Bahrain during the Reign of Sheikh Salman bin Hamad\u27s Era (1942-1961): “A Study in Light of British Documents”

This research aims to shed light on oil affairs in the Emirate of Bahrain during the reign of Sheikh Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa (1942-1961), based on British documents, where the research dealt with how oil was discovered, the reasons that led to the suspension of exploration operations from 1942 to 1945, the most important oil concessions, the modifications obtained, the establishment of new oil facilities in its wells, and finally what oil generated from the revenues of the Emirate of Bahrain. This research concludes that the economic conditions in Bahrain were initially traditional and simple based on hunting, pearl gathering, trade and agriculture. Then the Bahraini economy turned upside down after oil was discovered, and its production increased during the reign of Sheikh Salman bin Hamad, so that the Bahraini economy turned into rentier production that depends in three quarters of it on oil, which is the sole source of the Bahraini economy. The paper shows that Bahrain benefits from its revenues in distributing it to all economic sectors and demonstrates the emergence of British Government intervention and the attempt to impose its control over all its affairs

Deer Abi Saeed school as A model Depending on its (1961-1948)Records as A source

The current study discussed the development of education in Deer Abi Saeed School in (1948-1961) as the city of Deer Abi saeed was the main center of the district and it’s metropolitan till today. This period is considered to be one of the most important periods in the contemporary history of Jordan as this period is the period of transforming from British mandatory to the stage of building the human and the state’s organizations as a part of the independence and development movement. Official record issued by The study is adopting the official record of Deer Abi Saeed School as the main source in addition to the references written about Jordan contemporary history. The study is dealing with three domains, those are: describing the record, the school establishment its development and facilities and the school’s students. The study followed the information categorization approach within describing and analyzing it in an accurate scientific language concluding with several findings. This type of records is one of the most important documentary sources to study our history since it is accurate, well-documented, clarity of time and place as well as richness of information

Correlation between Cognition and Quantitative EEG Changes in Patients with Migraine

Background: Migraine is a common debilitating disorder characterized by attacks of mostly unilateral, moderate to severe, throbbingheadaches. The diagnosis of migraine is made according to the third edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders developed by the International Headache Society. There are several types of migraine, the most common of which are migraine without aura and migraine with aura. Objectives: This study aims to find the correlations between quantitative EEG changes and cognition in migraine patients. Patients and Methods: The study included 20 migraine patients,10 during pain attack (ictal phase) and 10 during pain-free period (inter-ictal), in addition to18 healthy controls.Montreal cognitive assessment and 20 minutes scalp EEG were done. After that, four seconds epochs were taken from the EEG record to find the powerspectral density (PSD) for each of the waves in the range of[detlaδ(0.5-4)Hz, theta θ(4-8)Hz, alpha α (8-12)Hz,and beta β (12-30)Hz]. The study was conducted in Al-Shaheed Ghazi Al-Hariri Hospital in Baghdad from October 1, 2022, to May 1, 2023. Results: Quantitative EEG analysis revealed that there is a significant decrease in theta and beta waves in descending pattern from control to inter-ictal and then to ictal migraine patientswhile alpha wave increased in ascending pattern from control to inter-ictal to ictal migraine patients. In cognition, there was a significant difference between controls and migraine patients in recall memory, language, and abstraction domains. Conclusions: Quantitative EEG findings suggest that alpha waves correlate negatively with cognition, while both theta and beta waves correlate positively with cognitive level. Received: June,, 2022 Accepted: Oct. 2023 Published: Jan.2024

Expanded disability status scale in Multiple Sclerosis: Relationship to visual evoked potential

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) prevalence in Iraq is 11.73/100,000 it causes disability in younger adults. Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) can monitor MS disability while Visually Evoked Potentials (VEP) serves as a marker of myelination. Objectives: To explore the relationship between EDSS and VEPs in multiple sclerosis patients. Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Ghazi Al- Hariri Hospital from first of Nov 2021 till the end of Jan 2022. Fifty patients with multiple sclerosis were compared to 50 healthy individuals. EDSS Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, P100 latency were measured using VEP. The Correlation was used to investigate the relationship between P100- latencies and EDSS. P value ≤0.05 was considered significant. Results: The average age of MS cases was 33.5±8.01 years, and the mean EDSS was 2.8±2.86. A significant difference in the latency period was reported. The study showed a significant positive correlation between EDSS and P100 latency period. Conclusions: Using non-invasive procedures like VEPs can help to monitor and detect deterioration and improvement in MS patients