Development of optimal location and design capacity of wastewater treatment plants for urban areas: a case study in Samawah city

Water, and related wastewater structures, are critical factors in the existence and the improvement of civilizations. Wastewater gathering and management has a considerable effect on the climate and economy at both regional and global level, and, accordingly, it is appropriate to advance actions that guarantee effective management for wastewater, particularly in urban areas. This research thus examined the environmental and economic aspects of proposed locations for wastewater treatment plants. Samawah city, located in the southern part of Iraq, was selected as a case study for the research methodology, and for research purposes, the studied city was divided into three main zones (1, 2, and 3) of sixteen areas. The Google Earth tool was used to calculate the lowest elevations in the studied zones in order to assess the suggested positions of treatment plants. Additionally, the WinQSB program was utilised to select the most appropriate positions for treatment plants based on data obtained from local government departments. These data include population, water consumption, and required lengths and subsequent cost of pipes. This research thus developed a new strategy for assigning the locations of wastewater treatment plants

Optimum design of composite prestressed concrete girder railway bridges

This paper deals with the formulation of design optimisation of pretsressed concrete bridges. The bridge is of a slab-on-girder type, hence modeled as an equivalent orthotropic plate. The whole bridge system is considered as a simply supported right angle plate. Following linear elastic behaviour, the governing fourth order differential equation of the plate for patch load is solved in order to find out load distribution on the girders forming the bridge as well as the deflections and internal forces at critical sections of the whole bridge. The optimisation problem is formulated for various cross sectional geometries including rectangular, symmetrical I, unsymmetrical I, box, T and inverted T sections. The design variables are the main cross sectional dimensions, prestressing force and tendon eccentricity. The objective function comprises the cost of concrete material, formwork and prestressing steel tendons. The constraint functions are set to satisfy design requirements as per British Standards for bridges (BS 5400). Nonlinear optimisation method based on sequential unconstrained minimisation technique (SUMT) is employed to achieve optimum bridge configuration for specific design parameters of span length, concrete compressive strength and railway loading patterns. A purpose built computer program is set up to carry out the solution of the design optimisation problem efficiently in terms of time and effort. A typical example of unsymmetrical I-section having a small bottom flange as compared to the top flange width with composite deck effect is presented. The results show that the total cost increases as the span increases due to the increase of the initial prestressing force. Furthermore, the total cost decreases as the concrete compressive strength increases in spite of the increasing of the prestressing force. This is due to decrease of the overall depth, top and bottom flange widths, hence leading to a smaller girder size. Such finding will encourage engineers to adopt high strength concrete for bridges as it will help reducing not only the initial cost but also the life cycle cost of the bridge over its entire life

Calculation Energy Levels, B(E2), Electric Quadrupole Moment and (P.E.S.) of the Even-Even 156,158Dy Isotopes Using IBA-1

Nuclear structure of 156,158Dy isotopes have been studied in the frame work of the interacting boson approximation model (IBM-1). The contour plot of the potential energy surfaces, V(?,?), shows that the nucleus 156Dy is deformed and has transitional characters between SU(3) and O(6) limits, and the nucleus 158Dy is deformed and has rotational characters, SU(3). Levels energy spectra belonging to the g,?,? bands, electromagnetic transition rates B(E2), electric quadrupole moment (Q) are calculated. The calculated values are compared with the available theoretical and experimental data and show reasonable agreement.   Keywords: potential energy surfaces; nuclear structure; 156,158Dy; B(E2)

Study of Potential Energy Surface for 154,160Dy Isotopes by IBA-1

Energy levels of 154,160Dy isotopes have been studied in the frame- work of the interacting boson approximation model (IBA-1). The contour plot of the potential energy surfaces, V(?,?), shows that the nucleus 154Dy is deformed and has transitional characters between SU(5) and O(6) limits, and the nucleus 160Dy is deformed and has rotational characters, SU(3). Levels energy spectra belonging to the g,?,? bands and electric quadrupole moment (Q) are calculated. The calculated values are compared with the available theoretical and experimental data and show reasonable agreement. Keywords: energy levels; potential energy surface; 154,160Dy; SU(3).

Adaptive Intelligent Tutoring System for learning Computer Theory

In this paper, we present an intelligent tutoring system developed to help students in learning Computer Theory. The Intelligent tutoring system was built using ITSB authoring tool. The system helps students to learn finite automata, pushdown automata, Turing machines and examines the relationship between these automata and formal languages, deterministic and nondeterministic machines, regular expressions, context free grammars, undecidability, and complexity. During the process the intelligent tutoring system gives assistance and feedback of many types in an intelligent manner according to the behavior of the student. An evaluation of the intelligent tutoring system has revealed reasonably acceptable results in terms of its usability and learning abilities are concerned

Evaluation study of IEEE 1609.4 performance for safety and non-safety messages dissemination

The IEEE 1609.4 was developed to support multi-channel operation and channel switching procedure in order to provide both safety and non-safety vehicular applications. However, this protocol has some drawback because it does not make efficient usage of channel bandwidth resources for single radio WAVE devices and suffer from high bounded delay and lost packet especially for large-scale networks in terms of the number of active nodes. This paper evaluates IEEE 1609.4 multi-channel protocol performance for safety and non-safety application and compare it with the IEEE 802.11p single channel protocol. Multi-channel and single channel protocols are analyzed in different environments to investigate their performance. By relying on a realistic dataset and using OMNeT++ simulation tool as network simulator, SUMO as traffic simulator and coupling them by employing Veins framework. Performance evaluation results show that the delay of single channel protocol IEEE 802.11p has been degraded 36% compared with multi-channel protocol

Electromagnetic emission-aware schedulers for the uplink of OFDM wireless communication systems

The popularity and convergence of wireless communications have resulted in continuous network upgrades in order to support the increasing demand for bandwidth. However, given that wireless communication systems operate on radiofrequency waves, the health effects of electromagnetic emission from these systems are increasingly becoming a concern due to the ubiquity of mobile communication devices. In order to address these concerns, we propose two schemes (offline and online) for minimizing the EM emission of users in the uplink of OFDM systems, while maintaining an acceptable quality of service. We formulate our offline EM reduction scheme as a convex optimization problem and solve it through water-filling. This is based on the assumption that the long-term channel state information of all the users is known. Given that, in practice, long-term channel state information of all the users cannot always be available, we propose our online EM emission reduction scheme, which is based on minimizing the instantaneous transmit energy per bit of each user. Simulation results show that both our proposed schemes significantly minimize the EM emission when compared to the benchmark classic greedy spectral efficiency based scheme and an energy efficiency based scheme. Furthermore, our offline scheme proves to be very robust against channel prediction errors

On Central Closure of Totally Prime Algebras

على مايبدو، ليس من السهولة إيجاد معيار للأنغلاق المركزي للجبور المعيارية. كابريرا – محمد في [1,2] أوجدا معيار للأنغلاق المركزي على صنفين من الجبور هما الجبور الأولية المضروبة كلياً والجبور الأولية الكلية التجميعية. في هذا البحث ، سنبرهن نفس النتيجة ولكن على صنف أعم من الجبور وهو الجبور الأولية الكلية الغير تجميعية التي لها جبر مضروبات أولي.Seemingly, it is not easy to finding a norm on the center closure of a normed algebra. Cabrera and Mohammed in [1,2], they defined a norm on the center closure of two classes of algebras namely totally multiplicatively prime and associative totally prime algebras. In this paper, we prove the same result in a general setting by considering the class of non-associative totally prime algebras which have a prime multiplication algebra

Sleep Deprivation and Depression : A bi-directional association

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Path Planning of Industrial Manipulators for Dynamic Obstacles using a New Sensory System

Industrial manipulators perform repetitive and dangerous tasks. They are widely used, however present a source for accidental collisions with human operators. Therefore, they require large isolated spaces heavily taxing factory real-estate. Thus, there exists a need to create a safe cooperative working space shared by both manipulators and humans. The purpose of this research is to provide such an environment by integrating a safety mat-style sensory system, with an implementation of a potential field trajectory planning algorithm. The safety mat sensor has been designed and constructed in a cost effective means acting as a proof of concept for future industrial applications. Both the safety mat and potential field algorithm have been integrated with a CRS F3 manipulator for conducting validation experiments. We have found that our implementation of the potential field algorithm can successfully avoid single, and multiple obstacles detected by the mat. Moreover, collision avoidance is achieved for both static and dynamic obstacles. Finally, our implementation of the potential field algorithm is capable of preventing local minima entrapment of the manipulator, a problem affecting past implementations