Islam Bubuhan Kumai : Perspektif Varian Awam, Nahu, dan Hakekat

Berdasarkan pada kategori kesalehan normatif (normative piety) Bubuhan Kumai dapat dibedakan menjadi tiga varian Awam, Nahu, dan Hakekat. Ketiga varian ini samasama mengklaim sebagai pengikut ahlu as-sunnah wa al-jamā‘ah. Jika merujuk pada kerangka konseptual rukun iman (sistem kepercayaan) dan rukun Islam (ritual, ibadah), tampak jelas bahwa varian Awam cenderung memahami aspekaspek yang terkandung dalam kedua rukun tersebut secara sederhana, menciptakan simbol-simbol keagamaan yang “imajinatif” dengan tujuan untuk memudahkan proses transformasi dan internalisasi ajaran agama dari satu generasi ke generasi berikutnya. Untuk kasus-kasus tertentu, varian Awam tetap mempercayai adanya kepercayaan-kepercayaan lama—seperti kepercayaan pada makhluk-makhluk halus yang tidak ditemukan dalam al-Qur’an dan hadis—dan menafsirkannya dengan khas lokal. Sedangkan untuk hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan kewajiban melaksanakan syariat—dalam pengertian rukun Islam—mereka cenderung tidak begitu taat. Varian Nahu, secara umum ditandai dengan menafsirkan ajaran agama (rukun iman dan rukun Islam) dalam kerangka yang konsisten dengan ahlu as-sunnah wa al-jamā‘ah dan berusaha berpijak pada faham tersebut. Berkaitan dengan rukun Islam, kelompok ini menjalankan salat lima waktu, puasa Ramadan, membayar zakat, dan sebagian dari mereka menunaikan ibadah haji atau memiliki cita-cita untuk menunaikannya. Ciri-ciri seperti itu, bukanlah ciri-ciri dari moralitas, atau setidak-tidaknya, ciri-ciri itu baru bagian dari moralitas. Dengan kata lain, tidak bisa ditarik secara tegas bahwa orang-orang yang menjalankan rukun-rukun Islam demikian terjamin atau menjamin bahwa mereka tidak melakukan penyimpangan atau menyimpang terhadap aturan-aturan agama maupun aturanaturan sosial. Varian Hakekat juga mengaku sebagai berfaham ahlu as-sunnah wa al-jamā‘ah, namun hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan pelaksanaan ajaran Islam yang terkandung dalam rukun-rukun Islam diabaikan dan mereka cenderung menekankan pada dimensi batiniah dalam beragama dan yang berkaitan dengan kepercayaan pada makhluk-makhluk halus, varian ini senada dengan varian Awam, yakni mempercayai eksistensi makhluk-makhluk khas lokal tersebut. Ritual yang berkaitan dengan adat, Bubuhan Kumai (Awam, Nahu, dan Hakekat) cenderung menganggap aktivitas-aktivitas yang diselenggarakan pada bulan kalendrikal sebagai bagian dari ajaran Islam. Mereka meyakini aktivitas-aktivitas kalendrikal tersebut berkaitan erat dengan perjalanan hidup manusia. Meskipun demikian, tetap ada sedikit perbedaan penyikapan terhadap ritual-ritual adat tersebut. Bagi varian Awam dan Hakekat, ritual adat adalah bagian integral dari agama. Bagi varian Nahu, sebagian ada yang menganggapnya sebagai syiar belaka, dan yang lainnya menganggapnya memang merupakan bagian integral dari agama. Dalam praktiknya, orang-orang Kumai mempercayai adanya karamah yang melekat pada orang-orang saleh atau wali sehingga diposisikan pada posisi yang sangat istimewa. Wali tersebut berperan sebagai mediator antara hamba dan Tuhan, tempat untuk berkonsultasi tentang berbagai persoalan kehidupan, dan lain-lain. Dalam hubungan ini pula, makam-makam wali (Kumai: kuburan keramat), dijadikan obyek ziarah dan di tempat itu orang-orang Kumai ber-wasīlah kepada para wali agar permohonan mereka cepat dikabulkan oleh Tuhan. Bubuhan Kumai melihat al-Qur’an tidak hanya sebagai lembaran-lembaran suci, tetapi lebih dari itu. Bagi mereka al-Qur’an mengandung barakah baik huruf maupun ayat dan suratnya. Untuk alasan inilah, mereka mempercayai adanya khasiat-khasiat khusus dari ayat atau surat tertentu dalam al-Qur’an. Mereka kemudian mengamalkan suatu surat tertentu sebagai wasīlah untuk berbagai permohonan kepada Tuhan. Selain itu, tradisi oral yang tetap bertahan hingga kini adalah mantra (Kumai: bebacaan, tawar, jampi-jampi). Mantra-mantra yang ada di Kumai sudah mengalami “Islamisasi” yang ditandai dengan pembubuhan potongan ayat atau surat tertentu dari al-Qur’an, terutama surat al-Fātiḥah. Melalui mantra yang ada terlihat adanya unsur-unsur lokal yang tetap dipertahankan oleh para ulama dengan catatan tidak bertentangan dengan ajaran Islam. Berdasarkan paparan yang ada dalam penelitian ini, tipologi keislaman yang ditampilkan oleh Bubuhan Kumai (Awam, Nahu, dan Hakekat) adalah “Islam akulturatifsinkretik” sebagai hasil konstruksi bersama antara agen (elit-elit lokal) dengan masyarakat dalam sebuah proses dialektika yang terjadi secara terus-menerus; mengadopsi unsur lokal yang tidak bertentangan dengan Islam dan menguatkan ajaran Islam melalui proses transformasi secara terus-menerus dengan melegitimasinya berdasarkan atas teks-teks Islam yang dipahami atas dasar interpretasi elit-elit lokal. Transformasi dilakukan melalui berbagai medium sehingga menghasilkan konstruksi sosial tentang Islam Bubuhan Kuma

Effect of nutrition on muscle protein turnover in callipyge and normal lambs

The phenotypic expression of the callipyge (CLPG) genotype lambs is characterized by heavy muscling and less carcass fat. The objective of this study was to determine if CLPG lambs have lower muscle protein turnover than normal Dorset crossed lambs and if protein and energy intake altered this rate. Twelve wether lambs were studied in two blocks (3 CLPG and 3 Normal/Block). Lambs were approximately 4.5 months of age and weighed 36.7 +/- 1.6 kg. Lambs were paired and fed three diets differing in energy and/or protein levels; HEHP (3.1 Mcal ME/kg DM, 15.75% CP), HELP (3.1 Mcal ME/kg DM, 9.5% CP), and LEHP, (2.1 Mcal ME/kg DM, 14.1% CP) in a 3 x 3 Latin square arrangement of diet and period treatments. The lamb pairs were fed each diet ad libitum for 3 weeks. Nitrogen balance and protein turnover were measured from d 15 to d 20 of each period. Muscle protein breakdown was measured by injection of 3-methyl-[methyl-2H3]-histidine (d3-3MH) and using a compartmental analysis of the isotope decay curves. During the last 5 days of each period, quantitative urine and feces output were collected, and serial of blood samples were taken. CLPG lambs retained more N compared to normal lambs when fed HEHP or HELP diets but less N when fed LEHP diet. Across all diets, CLPG lambs secreted less urinary N compared to normal lambs (13.3 and 15.3 g/d, respectively);Callipyge lambs had higher (140.3 vs. 89.2 g/d, P \u3c .01) muscle protein breakdown than normal lambs. Lambs fed HELP diets had higher (P \u3c .025) muscle protein breakdown compared with lambs fed HEHP and LEHP diets (148.3, 101.1, and 94.8 g/d, respectively). The increased muscle size in lambs expressing callipyge gene is may be due to increased muscle protein synthesis. These data are suggestive of a greater maintenance energy need in callipyge lambs

Behaviour-based Virus Analysis and Detection

Every day, the growing number of viruses causes major damage to computer systems, which many antivirus products have been developed to protect. Regrettably, existing antivirus products do not provide a full solution to the problems associated with viruses. One of the main reasons for this is that these products typically use signature-based detection, so that the rapid growth in the number of viruses means that many signatures have to be added to their signature databases each day. These signatures then have to be stored in the computer system, where they consume increasing memory space. Moreover, the large database will also affect the speed of searching for signatures, and, hence, affect the performance of the system. As the number of viruses continues to grow, ever more space will be needed in the future. There is thus an urgent need for a novel and robust detection technique. One of the most encouraging recent developments in virus research is the use of formulae, which provides alternatives to classic virus detection methods. The proposed research uses temporal logic and behaviour-based detection to detect viruses. Interval Temporal Logic (ITL) will be used to generate virus specifications, properties and formulae based on the analysis of the behaviour of computer viruses, in order to detect them. Tempura, which is the executable subset of ITL, will be used to check whether a good or bad behaviour occurs with the help of ITL description and system traces. The process will also use AnaTempura, an integrated workbench tool for ITL that supports our system specifications. AnaTempura will offer validation and verification of the ITL specifications and provide runtime testing of these specifications

One of Us

With this thesis, I reflect on my identity as a Saudi American. I look at how nonverbal communication through gesture and artifact presents the potential for both communication breakdowns, as well as shared understanding. From the lens of Saudi culture, I consider how gender relations and intra-national tribal factions play a role in the division of society, which my work seeks to overcome, at both the national and global levels. My exhibit, One of Us, interrogates one of the most controversial gestures in contemporary society: veiling. As I discuss the notion of camouflage, I review the types of veils available to women, and the reasons why women veil. The abayas featured in my exhibit are constructed from nostalgic patterns, thus producing in the viewer a simultaneous feeling of familiarity and novelty, and in the wearer, of blending in and standing out

On-line Programming Course Registration System (OPCRS)

Recently, we noted that the students in the College of Arts and Sciences(CAS) in University Utara Malaysia (UUM) are going into specializations that do not require programming skills to avoid the necessity of learning programming languages as they do not have backgrounds in programming languages such as ICT students. In this proposal we propose a prototype using Java server Pages to serve as a mediator between students and the training center which is located in FTM (Computing professional Enrichment & Development Division (CoPEN) Center).The main objective of this prototype is to improve interaction between students and the Center by providing them with the latest information about the center such as; allowing the students to know if there are any new courses they could start in the near future by sending E-mails(electronic mail) from the system to inform the student about these courses. On the other hand, this system could allow the students to register and pay for these courses online which will improve and facilitate the process of registration and payment. Moreover lecturers could use this system to inform students if he is not able to attend a certain class or if he wishes to change the timetable and the lecturers will able to upload files such as PDF, document to his students Online. By using this prototype, it will increase efficient interaction between students and staff

The feasibility of Saudization: Costs and benefits to Saudi Arabia

Following the discovery oil in Saudi Arabia, five year plans for economic development and modernization followed. Foreign workers were needed to provide skills required for the projects. Although most of the major projects have been completed, a high percentage of foreign workers continue to be employed in the kingdom

The Role of Guaranty in Subsequent Ownership- دور الضمان في كسب الملكية تبعاً

The researcher explained the role of guaranty in the subsequent ownership in four topics; the first focuses on jurisprudents discussions about the possibility of accepting the principle of ownership as a result of guaranty, while the 2nd he indicates the rules (jurisprudential & legal) required for ownership resulting from guaranty. In the 3rd topic the researcher focused on the conditions required for such ownership, and in the 4th defines ownership resulting from guaranty, supported by Islamic jurisprudents and positive laws. The research was ended by the researcher\u27s conclusions and recommendations

The Quality of Distance Learning of Post Graduate Students in the Universities of the Southern Territory from their Perspective

This study aims at revealing the quality of distance learning of post graduate students in the universities of the Southern Territory in Jordan from their perspective. The sample of the study consisted of (442) male and female post graduate students from the governmental Jordanian universities: Mutah University, Tafila Technical University and Al-Hussein Bin Talal University. It was chosen by the cluster randomization method. An evaluation instrument was developed to achieve the purpose of this study, which was included (29) items in its final version. The reliability and validity of instruments were verified.The findings of the present study revealed that the estimates of the quality of distance learning of post graduate students in the universities of the southern territory from their perspective were within the moderate degree. The domain designing and developing instructional materials has ranked first, technology infrastructure has ranked second and student support services has ranked last. In addition, the results showed that there aren`t any statistically significant differences at (α ≥ 0.05) between the means of the evaluation estimates due to the educational qualification variable, diploma and bachelor`s degree, in all the domains. It is also concluded that there are statistically significant differences at (α ≥ 0.05) due to the gender variable with regard to student support services in favor of females. The study recommended the necessity of activating the indicators and domains of the quality of distance learning by stimulating universities to adhere to them. Keywords: quality, distance learning, graduate students. DOI: 10.7176/JEP/13-23-03 Publication date:August 31st 202

Water resources of Wadi Hanifah, Saudi Arabia: a case study

Although Saudi Arabia has made great progress on almost all fronts, water has always been, and still is, a serious problem. Settlement in the central area of the country is concentrated in the wadis, of which Wadi Hanifah is a good example. The Wadi descends through the central slope of the Tuwaig mountain, where Jurassic units predominate, and ends in the Al - Kharj Plain, where Cretaceous deposits outcrop. Climate is influenced to a limited extent by the relatively high altitude of the Tuwaig mountain, especially where rain fall is concerned, and an annual average of 100 mm is recorded. The rate of evaporation, however, is very high, because of the cloudless sky and high temperatures. Run-off occurs only after torrential rain, when the Wadi collects flood water from its many tributaries. Seven dams have been built in recent years in an attempt to increase underground recharge, The volume, quality and locations of underground water are determined almost entirely by climatic regime and geological characteristics. Fractions and cavities in the Jubaila limestone around Riyadh, and the alluvium deposits in the Wadi's channel used to be the main water sources. Water in these aquifers used to be at an easy reach at a depth of about 10 m beneath the surface. Urban expansion of Riyadh City, however, required a continual increase in water extraction, and the introduction of modern, equipment in agriculture also increased water consumption. This led to the lowering of the alluvium aquifer on the one hand, and the contamination of the Jubaila limestone aquifer on the other The tapping, of the Minjur aquifer in 1956 at a depth of more than 1,000 m temporarily solved the problem, but as the discharge increased sharply water level fell to a considerable depth, and in the meantime the alluvium aquifer continued dropping, so that in some areas water has been almost completely depleted. It is obvious that the lack of control over water use, and the shortage of adequate Investigation and experience, combined with the many different authorities in charge of water, produced a careless attitude to this valuable resource in both urban life and agriculture