Settlement of Intellectual Property Rights Disputes

This research deals with the settlement of intellectual property disputes as set out in various international conventions such as the Convention of Paris, 1883 and the TRIPS agreement in Marrakesh, 1994. The research also deals with the development in intellectual property rights in international regulations particularly with respect to the World International Property Organization (WIPO) and the Convention of TRIPS. In addition, this paper outlines the rules and a procedure for the settlement of intellectual property disputes in the WTO in detail as well as explains the structure of this organization and the most important tasks carried out by it. The paper also emphasizes the nature and importance of the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB), the nature of its work, and the methods of dispute settlement such as Consultation, Establishment of Panels, Standing and Appellate Body Arbitration. The research also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of these methods, and assesses the dispute settlement system of intellectual property in the context of the WTO with a comparison between the rules of dispute settlement in the WTO and GATT, 1947. This research also deals with the detailed positive and negative effects of the dispute settlement system for developing countries and sets out conclusions and proposals that are necessary to avoid the disadvantages and how to benefit from such agreements; in particular, the study points out the advantages of such international agreements as the TRIPS Agreement when applied in developing countries

FUTURE GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS (GNSS)

Global Positioning System (GPS) has been widely used worldwide for a variety of applications such as air, land and sea. The GPS and the Russian GLONASS are the only fully operational Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). Due to its several advantages, such as simplicity of use, successful implementation and global availability, this has been considered as the cornerstone of positioning in navigation system applications for the people who are visually impaired. However, due to standalone single frequency service, the positioning performance has not been sufficient for some accuracy and precision demanding applications. The problems of obtaining high accuracy real time positions in the field have led the navigation community to develop a GNSS augmentation system. However, several questions have been raised with this new development, such as how good the new method is? During any satellite configuration, would it be able to provide the accuracy at the same level? In a reliable way, would it be able to replace conventional GPS method? In this paper, a detailed review of all necessary understandings concerning GNSS and with a focal point on the GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, Beidou and GNSS augmentation systems positioning performance, is provided. The enormous demand to further improve positioning, navigation, and timing capabilities for both civil and military users on existing GNSS systems has directed efforts to modernise the GPS and GLONASS system and introduce new systems such as Galileo navigation system

Protection of Pharmaceutical Products and the second Medical indications In Comparative Legislation and International Conventions

During the past decades, many changes have occurred in the legal system of patents, protection of pharmaceutical products and methods of manufacturing pharmaceutical products. The World Trade Organization (WTO) and the European Patent Convention (EPC), in 1977, has extended the protection of pharmaceutical products and the method of their manufacturing. The TRIPS Agreement which came into force in 1995, committed its Members to provide protection to all their pharmaceutical products regardless of the field of technology. Thus, pharmaceutical products and methods of manufacturing are now covered by this International Protection Act as well as by their National Legislations. However, this protection by patent was not applied to the second medical indications. The matter of the second medical indication was raised by the international pharmaceutical companies’ research centers during their research, which showed that the medicines that had originally been patented for their primary use, could now be applied to treat other diseases. Consequently, international pharmaceutical companies pressurized their Governments to further protect these pharmaceutical products by expanding the protection so that it also covers the secondary use of the medications. Meanwhile, the International companies started to claim protection for the secondary usage by applying the Swiss Model i.e. (use of compound X in the manufacture of medicament of treatment of disorder Y). Recently, these issues were solved when the European Patent Office accepted the amendments of Article 54 /5 of the EPC which removed the international pharmaceutical companies’ barriers to obtain the protection for new uses of medication in the developing countries. However, this issue has still remained unsolved in the developing countries

FUTURE GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS (GNSS)

Global Positioning System (GPS) has been widely used worldwide for a variety of applications such as air, land and sea. The GPS and the Russian GLONASS are the only fully operational Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). Due to its several advantages, such as simplicity of use, successful implementation and global availability, this has been considered as the cornerstone of positioning in navigation system applications for the people who are visually impaired. However, due to standalone single frequency service, the positioning performance has not been sufficient for some accuracy and precision demanding applications. The problems of obtaining high accuracy real time positions in the field have led the navigation community to develop a GNSS augmentation system. However, several questions have been raised with this new development, such as how good the new method is? During any satellite configuration, would it be able to provide the accuracy at the same level? In a reliable way, would it be able to replace conventional GPS method? In this paper, a detailed review of all necessary understandings concerning GNSS and with a focal point on the GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, Beidou and GNSS augmentation systems positioning performance, is provided. The enormous demand to further improve positioning, navigation, and timing capabilities for both civil and military users on existing GNSS systems has directed efforts to modernise the GPS and GLONASS system and introduce new systems such as Galileo navigation system

Improvement of the Fault Tolerance in IoT Based Positioning Systems by Applying for Redundancy in the Controller Layer

               في السنوات الأخيرة ، ازداد انتشار تطبيقات تحديد المواقع للأنظمة القائمة على إنترنت الأشياء (IoT) بشكل متزايد ، ووجدت استخدامات في تتبع الأنشطة اليومية للأطفال والمسنين وتتبع المركبات. من وجهة نظر واحدة ، قد تحتوي البيانات التي تم الحصول عليها من الأنظمة القائمة على نظام تحديد المواقع العالمي (GPS) على خطأ ، مع مراعاة هذه العوامل ، تعتمد الطريقة المقترحة لهذه الدراسة على تطبيق تحديد المواقع القائم على إنترنت الأشياء واستبدال استخدام إنترنت الأشياء بدلاً من نظام تحديد المواقع العالمي (GPS). ومع ذلك ، لا يمكن أن يكون هذا سببًا لعدم استخدام نظام تحديد المواقع العالمي (GPS) ، ولتعزيز الموثوقية ، يمكننا تطبيق مجموعة متوازية من النظام الحديث والأساليب التقليدية في وقت واحد. على الرغم من أنه يمكن الوصول إلى إشارات نظام تحديد المواقع العالمي (GPS) فقط في الأماكن المفتوحة ، فإن أجهزة نظام تحديد المواقع العالمي (GPS) معرضة للخطأ في المقام الأول عندما يكون جهاز الاستقبال موجودًا في منطقة مدنية ، بسبب الازدحام والتداخل المحتمل. تقدم النتيجة نموذجًا قائمًا على التكرار لتحسين تحمل الأخطاء لأنظمة تحديد المواقع القائمة على إنترنت الأشياء. تُظهر نتائج المحاكاة تحسنًا بنسبة 22.5٪ في تحمل الأخطاء لنظام تحديد المواقع القائم على إنترنت الأشياء بعد تطبيق آلية التحقق المقترحة وتحسين 77.4٪ في هذا التسامح بعد التقدم للحصول على تكرار أكثر تكلفة للوحدة النمطية.  In recent years, the positioning applications of Internet-of-Things (IoT) based systems have grown increasingly popular, and are found to be useful in tracking the daily activities of children, the elderly and vehicle tracking. It can be argued that the data obtained from GPS based systems may contain error, hence taking these factors into account, the proposed method for this study is based on the application of IoT-based positioning and the replacement of using IoT instead of GPS.  This cannot, however, be a reason for not using the GPS, and in order to enhance the reliability, a parallel combination of the modern system and traditional methods simultaneously can be applied. Although GPS signals can only be accessed in open spaces, GPS devices are error-prone primarily when the receiver is located in an urban-canyons area, due to congestion and the possible interference. The outcome presents a redundancy-based model for improving the fault tolerance of IoT-based positioning systems. The simulation results show a 22.5% improvement in the fault tolerance of the IoT-based positioning system after applying the proposed validation mechanism, and a 77.4% improvement in this tolerance after applying for a more expensive module redundancy

Precise positioning in real-time using GPS-RTK signal for visually impaired people navigation system

This thesis was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and awarded by Brunel University, 24/9/2010.This thesis presents the research carried out to investigate and achieve highly reliable and accurate navigation system of guidance for visually impaired pedestrians. The main aim with this PhD project has been to identify the limits and insufficiencies in utilising Network Real-Time Kinematic Global Navigation Satellite Systems (NRTK GNSS) and its augmentation techniques within the frame of pedestrian applications in a variety of environments and circumstances. Moreover, the system can be used in many other applications, including unmanned vehicles, military applications, police, etc. NRTK GNSS positioning is considered to be a superior solution in comparison to the conventional standalone Global Positioning System (GPS) technique whose accuracy is highly affected by the distance dependent errors such as satellite orbital and atmospheric biases. Nevertheless, NRTK GNSS positioning is particularly constrained by wireless data link coverage, delays of correction and transmission and completeness, GPS and GLONASS signal availability, etc., which could downgrade the positioning quality of the NRTK results. This research is based on the dual frequency NRTK GNSS (GPS and GLONASS). Additionally, it is incorporated into several positioning and communication methods responsible for data correction while providing the position solutions, in which all identified contextual factors and application requirements are accounted. The positioning model operates through client-server based architecture consisted of a Navigation Service Centre (NSC) and a Mobile Navigation Unit (MNU). Hybrid functional approaches were consisting of several processing procedures allowing the positioning model to operate in position determination modes. NRTK GNSS and augmentation service is used if enough navigation information was available at the MNU using its local positioning device (GPS/GLONASS receiver).The positioning model at MNU was experimentally evaluated and centimetric accuracy was generally attained during both static and kinematic tests in various environments (urban, suburban and rural). This high accuracy was merely affected by some level of unavailability mainly caused by GPS and GLONASS signal blockage. Additionally, the influence of the number of satellites in view, dilution of precision (DOP) and age corrections (AoC) over the accuracy and stability of the NRTK GNSS solution was also investigated during this research and presented in the thesis. This positioning performance has outperformed the existing GPS service. In addition, utilising a simulation evaluation facility the positioning model at MNU performance was quantified with reference to a hybrid positioning service that will be offered by future Galileo Open Service (OS) along with GPS. However, a significant difference in terms of the service availability for the advantage of the hybrid system was experienced in all remaining scenarios and environments more especially the urban areas due to surrounding obstacles and conditions. As an outcome of this research a new and precise positioning model was proposed. The adaptive framework is understood as approaching an integration of the available positioning technology into the context of surrounding wireless communication for a maintainable performance. The positioning model has the capability of delivering indeed accurate, precise and consistent position solutions, and thus is fulfilling the requirements of visually impaired people navigation application, as identified in the adaptive framework

Total Quality Management Benefits and Barriers in Construction Industry

The building sector is playing an important part Major factor in any country's development. The Construct industry growth depends on Building project efficiency. Quality is one thing Important factor in construction industry success in this paper the problems of quality definition in the construction industry are discussed, analysis potential advantages of quality implementation and considers quality barriers to Building implementation. Many implementing obstacles. We identify recent patterns that could lead to the Invade barriers. However, the various building actors must Know that improvement is necessary for the construction industry to improve quality TQM is specifically designed to deliver excellence in customer satisfaction by continual improvement full participation of product and processes every person who is a part of dedication that product/process. It's an orchestrated approach enhancement. If implemented correctly, it will support the Company of construction to boost its efficiency

A neural network model for estimation soil temperature bases on limited meteorological parameters in selected provinces in Iraq

Soil temperature is an important meteorological variable which plays a significant role in hydrological cycle. In present study, artificial intelligence technique employed for estimating for 3 daysa head soil temperature estimation at 10 and 20 cm depth. Soil temperature daily data for the period 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2013 measured in three stations namely (Mosul, Baghdad and Muthanna) in Iraq. The training data set includes 616 days and the testing data includes 109 days. The Levenberg-Marquardt, Scaled Conjugate Gradient and Bayesian regularization algorithms. To evaluate the ANN models, Root mean square error (RMSE), Mean absolute error (MAE), Mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and Correlation Coefficient (r) were determined. According to the four statistical indices were calculated of the optimum ANN model, it was ANN model (3) in Muthanaa station for the depth 10 cm and ANN model (3) in Baghdad station for the depth 20 were (RMSE=0.959oC, MAE=0.725, MAPE=4.293, R=0.988) and (RMSE=0.887OC, MAE=0.704, MAPE=4.239, R=0.993) respectively, theses statistical criteria shown the efficiency of artificial neural network for soil temperature estimation