The potential application of canine and human mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of spinal cord injury: an in vitro examination of their neurotrophic and angiogenic activities

Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating event. It causes severe damage to the nervous tissue which can be associated with partial or complete loss of movement and sensation. Recent studies suggested that the benefits of stem cell transplants for SCI may not be restricted to cell restoration alone, e.g. to replace damaged neurons, but also may be due to their capacity to stimulate endogenous cells at wound sites through paracrine activity.Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), in particular, are thought to have anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, neurotrophic and angiogenic effects and may thus reduce secondary damage and promote neuroregeneration and wound healing after their administration. Experimental studies of small rodent SCI models are currently being used to investigate the MSCs as a promising option for treatments that repair damaged neuronal tissue. However, translation to human patients is still a challenging step. Dogs represent a good large animal model as the causes of SCI in dogs occur naturally and traumatically, and because of the similar scale and heterogeneity of the lesions formed. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate and compare the effects of canine and human MSCs, focused on the effects of MSC conditioned medium (MSC CM) on neurogenesis and angiogenesis using established responder cell lines, i.e. SH-SY5Y neuronal cells and EA.hy926 endothelial cells. All of the MSCs were derived from adipose tissue, and CD271 was used to isolate subset populations from human MSCs. The study has demonstrated for the first time the potentially beneficial effects of canine MSC CM in promoting SH-SY5Y neurite outgrowth and cell proliferation, as well as EA.hy926 endothelial cell proliferation, cell migration and the formation of endothelial tubules. Further experimentation demonstrated that canine and human adipose-derived MSCs exhibited such neurotrophic and angiogenic effects to a similar extent. This may have important implications for the pre-clinical assessment of MSC paracrine activity in the development of cell transplantation protocols both for dogs and humans. Finally, the study compared the neurotrophic and angiogenic effects of MSC CM from selected subpopulations of human MSCs, i.e. CD271+ versus CD271- and plastic adherent MSCs; this was with a view to establishing whether a more homogeneous MSC population might differ in their paracrine activity. There was no significant difference in the neurogenic effects of these various secretomes; however, MSC CM from humanCD271+MSCs was found to be significantly less pro-angiogenic than human CD271- MSCsor non-selected human MSCs. In conclusion, the study supports the use of MSCs to treat naturally occurring SCI in dogs, and suggests that there is no evidence herein to support preselecting   CD271+ cells

An Analytic Solution for Riccati Matrix Delay Differential Equation using Coupled Homotopy-Adomian Approach

في هذا البحث تناولنا طريقة فعالة وجديدة وهي الدمج بين طريقتي الهوموتوبي و الادوميان مع إستخدام مفهوم المعادلات التفاضلية الاعتيادية التباطئية لحل معادلة المصفوفات التباطئية لمعادلة ريكاتي والحصول على حل تقريبي دقيق جدا قليل الخطأ ويقترب من الحل المظبوط او الحل الحقيقي. في هذه الطريقة تم الكشف على نتائج ادق خلال فترة التأخير التي مرت بها المعادلة. أيضا في هذه الطريقة ان الاقتراب للحل الحقيقي يأخذ منطقة او فترة اوسع وكلما استمرينا ب التكرارا حيث نحصل على نتائج دقيقة جدا ويكون الخطأ جدا صغير.An efficient modification and a novel technique combining the homotopy concept with  Adomian decomposition method (ADM) to obtain an accurate analytical solution for Riccati matrix delay differential equation (RMDDE) is introduced  in this paper  . Both methods are very efficient and effective. The whole integral part of ADM is used instead of the integral part of homotopy technique. The major feature in current technique gives us a large convergence region of iterative approximate solutions .The results acquired by this technique give better approximations for a larger region as well as previously. Finally, the results conducted via suggesting an efficient and easy technique, and may be addressed to other non-linear problems

Pengaruh Efektifitas Pengendalian Internal dan Kesesuaian Kompensasi terhadap Kecenderungan Kecurangan Akuntansi (Survey pada Perusahaan BUMN Cabang Pekanbaru)

The purpose of this research is to find out the effectiveness of internal control and compensation compatibility on accounting fraud tendency. Data for this study was obtained from samples of all staff off accounting and finance department whose working at BUMN company branch Pekanbaru. This research is using survey methods which using questioner instrument which is delivered directly to BUMN branch Pekanbaru. Total respondents which is used in this research are 120 respondents (80%). The analyzing method is Double Regression methods using SPSS (Statistical Product and Service Solution) version 17. Result of the study indicates that the effectiveness of internal control and compensation compability negative influence to accounting fraud tendency. The coefficient of determination in this research are 33.6%, both variable jointly influence dependent variable as much as 52.8%, while 47.2% is influenced by other unclear variable.Keywords: Accounting Fraud Tendency. Effectiveness of Internal Control, Compensation Compatibilit

A Study on the Ability of the Second Year Students of Sman 1 Kubu in Reading Comprehension

The purpose of this study is to find out the ability of the second year students of SMAN 1 Kubu in reading comprehension. This research focuses on students\u27 reading comprehension in terms of finding main ideas, factual information, the meaning of vocabulary, identifying references and making inferences,.The data were collected using reading comprehension test with multiple choice type. The test contained 25 items. The try out was conducted to check the validity and reliability of the test. Based on the research, it was found out that first: the ability of the second year students in reading comprehension is in the mediocre level with the mean score of 54.9. Second, the students\u27 mean score in finding the main idea is in good level with the mean score of 61.47, finding the factual information is in mediocre level with the mean score of 51.76, in finding the meaning of vocabulary is in good level with the mean score of 61.17, in finding references is in mediocre level with the mean score of 53.5, in finding inference is in mediocre level with the mean score of 46.47. As a conclusion, the highest score obtained by the students is in finding main ideas with the mean score of 61,47 which is categorized.into good level , and the lowest score that the students got is in finding inference ,with the mean score of 46.47 which is categorized into mediocre level. This result of this study suggest that the students to learn more about reading comprehension

Canine mesenchymal stem cells are neurotrophic and angiogenic:an in vitro assessment of their paracrine activity

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been used in cell replacement therapies for connective tissue damage, but also can stimulate wound healing through paracrine activity. In order to further understand the potential use of MSCs to treat dogs with neurological disorders, this study examined the paracrine action of adipose-derived canine MSCs on neuronal and endothelial cell models. The culture-expanded MSCs exhibited a MSC phenotype according to plastic adherence, cell morphology, CD profiling and differentiation potential along mesenchymal lineages. Treating the SH-SY5Y neuronal cell line with serum-free MSC culture-conditioned medium (MSC CM) significantly increased SH-SY5Y cell proliferation (P < 0.01), neurite outgrowth (P = 0.0055) and immunopositivity for the neuronal marker βIII-tubulin (P = 0.0002). Treatment of the EA.hy926 endothelial cell line with MSC CM significantly increased the rate of wound closure in endothelial cell scratch wound assays (P = 0.0409), which was associated with significantly increased endothelial cell proliferation (P < 0.05) and migration (P = 0.0001). Furthermore, canine MSC CM induced endothelial tubule formation in EA.hy926 cells in a soluble basement membrane matrix. Hence, this study has demonstrated that adipose-derived canine MSC CM stimulated neuronal and endothelial cells probably through the paracrine activity of MSC-secreted factors. This supports the use of canine MSC transplants or their secreted products in the clinical treatment of dogs with neurological disorders and provides some insight into possible mechanisms of action

Experimental Study to Investigate the Effect of Polyacrylamide Gel to Reduce the Lost Circulation

One of the challenging issues encountered during drilling operations is the lost circulation. Numerous issues might arise because of losses, such as wasting of time and higher drilling cost. Several types of lost circulation materials have been developed and are being used to limit mud losses and avoid associated issues. Each solution has benefits and drawbacks. In this study, a core flooding test was performed to study the effectiveness of polyacrylamide (PAM) granular gel on the reduction of the circulation lost. One common type of fracture characteristic is fractures with tips, commonly known as partially open fracture (POF). However, PAM gel therapy in POFs received little attention in prior research. Models of partly open fractures were built using a cylindrical core. A series of processes are performed on a core to get a POF model. Overall, the PAM gel can decrease plug permeability, making it a useful material for lost circulation. The results indicate that the Polyacrylamide granular gel can decrease the permeability up to 193 times

An in vitro comparison of the neurotrophic and angiogenic activity of human and canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs): translating MSC-based therapies for spinal cord injury.

The majority of research into the effects of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplants on spinal cord injury (SCI) is performed in rodent models, which may help inform on mechanisms of action, but does not represent the scale and wound heterogeneity seen in human SCI. In contrast, SCI in dogs occurs naturally, is more akin to human SCI, and can be used to help address important aspects of the development of human MSC-based therapies. To enable translation to the clinic and a comparison across species, we have examined the paracrine, regenerative capacity of human and canine adipose-derived MSCs in vitro. MSCs were initially phenotyped according to tissue culture plastic adherence, CD immunoprofiling and tri-lineage differentiation potential. Conditioned medium (CM) from MSC cultures was then assessed for its neurotrophic and angiogenic activity using established cell-based assays. MSC CM significantly increased neuronal cell proliferation, neurite outgrowth, and βIII tubulin immunopositivity. In addition, MSC CM significantly increased endothelial cell migration, cell proliferation and the formation of tubule-like structures in Matrigel assays. There were no marked or significant differences in the capacity of human or canine MSC CM to stimulate neuronal cell or endothelial cell activity. Hence, this study supports the use of MSC transplants for canine SCI, furthermore it increases understanding of how this may subsequently provide useful information and translate to MSC transplants for human SCI

Enhanced T cell responses induced by a necrotic dendritic cell vaccine, expressing HCV NS3

A vaccine that induces potent, broad and sustained cell-mediated immunity, resulting in effective memory has the potential to restrict hepatitis C (HCV) virus infection. Early, multi-functional CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses against non-structural protein 3 (NS3) have been associated with HCV clearance. Necrotic cells generate strong immune responses and represent a major antigenic source used by dendritic cells (DC) for processing and presentation, but there is conflicting evidence as to their immunogenicity in vaccination. Immunization with DC loaded with viral antigens has been done in the past, but to date the immunogenicity of live vs. necrotic DC vaccines has not been investigated. We developed a DC2.4 cell line stably expressing HCV NS3, and compared the NS3-specific responses of live vs. necrotic NS3 DC. Vaccination of mice with necrotic NS3 DC increased the breadth of T-cell responses and enhanced the production of IL-2, TNF-α, and IFN-γ by effector memory CD4+ and CD8+T cells, compared to mice vaccinated with live NS3 DC. A single dose of necrotic NS3 DC vaccine induced a greater influx and activation of cross-presenting CD11c+ CD8α+ DC and necrosis-sensing Clec9A+ DC in the draining lymph nodes. Furthermore, using a hydrodynamic challenge model necrotic NS3 DC vaccination resulted in enhanced clearance of NS3-positive hepatocytes from the livers of vaccinated mice. Taken together, the data demonstrate that necrotic DC represent a novel and exciting vaccination strategy capable of inducing broad and multifunctional T cell memory.Zelalem A. Mekonnen, Makutiro G. Masavuli, Wenbo Yu, Jason Gummow, Dawn M. Whelan, Zahraa Al-Delfi ... et al

A Scoping Review on Minimum Foot Clearance: An Exploration of Level-Ground Clearance in Individuals with Abnormal Gait

Background: Falls are a major health concern, with one in three adults over the age of 65 falling each year. A key gait parameter that is indicative of tripping is minimum foot clearance (MFC), which occurs during the mid-swing phase of gait. This is the second of a two-part scoping review on MFC literature. The aim of this paper is to identify vulnerable populations and conditions that impact MFC mean or median relative to controls. This information will inform future design/maintenance standards and outdoor built environment guidelines. Methods: Four electronic databases were searched to identify journal articles and conference papers that report level-ground MFC characteristics. Two independent reviewers screened papers for inclusion. Results: Out of 1571 papers, 43 relevant papers were included in this review. Twenty-eight conditions have been studied for effects on MFC. Eleven of the 28 conditions led to a decrease in mean or median MFC including dual-task walking in older adults, fallers with multiple sclerosis, and treadmill walking. All studies were conducted indoors. Conclusions: The lack of standardized research methods and covariates such as gait speed made it difficult to compare MFC values between studies for the purpose of defining design and maintenance standards for the outdoor built environment. Standardized methods for defining MFC and an emphasis on outdoor trials are needed in future studies