PERADABAN ISLAM PADA MASA DINASTI-DINASTI KECIL DI TIMUR BAGHDAD

Abstact:This article discusses the development of Islamic civilization in the east of Baghdad. The Abbasid empire once reached the peak era of Islamic civilization. This qualitative work was written by library method, the data collected by the writter of the history books. The study yileded results tht the Abbasid victory was short-lived, the dynamic polliticall situation, coupled with the power struggle between nations the Persian-Turkish and the Sunni-Shia conflict in the east region of Baghdad. The situation gave rise to a pollitical movement that resulted in new power from the Persians who founded power in the Thahirid Dynasty (820-897 c. e.), followed by The Shaffarid Dynasty (867-908 c. e), The Samanid Dynasty (819-999 c.e.), and The Buyid Dynasty (933-1055 c.e.). From Turk came the Ghaznavid Dynasty (977-1186 c.e.), The Seljuk Dynasty (1037-1157 c.e.) and The Khwarazmian Dynasty (1077-1231 c.e.). The Caliph is only symbol of the state of the Buyid-Seljuk era, and The Abbasid Empire are divided into small states led by governors known as amir or sulthan. It also gave rise the rival cities of Baghdad as the center of world civilization, such as Isfahan, Ghaznah, Shiraz and BukharaKeywords: Abbasid, Centra Asia, Islamic Civilization, East of Baghdad Abstrak:Artikel ini membahas perkembangan peradaban Islam di Timur Baghdad. Dinasti Abbaisyah pernah mencapai era puncak peradaban Islam. Artikel yang merupakan penelitan kualitatif ini ditulis dengan  metode pustaka, data dikumpulkan oleh penulis dari buku-buku sejarah. Dari penelitian ini didapatkan hasil, bahwa kejayaan Abbasiyah tidak berlangsung lama, situasi politik yang berlangsung secara dinamis, diwarnai dengan perebutan pengaruh kekuasaan antara bangsa Persia-Turki dan konflik Sunni-Syiah di wilayah timur Baghdad. Situasi ini melahirkan gerakan politik yang membuat kekuasaan baru di mulai dari bangsa Persia yang mendirikan kekuatan di Dinasti Thahiriyah (820-897 M), kemudian dilanjutkan oleh Dinasti Shaffariyah (867-908 M), Dinasti Samaniyah (819-999 M),  dan Dinasti Buwaihi (933-1055). Dari bangsa Turki, berdiri Dinasti Ghaznawiyah (977-1186 M), Dinasti Seljuk (1037-1157 M) dan Dinasti Khwarizm (1077-1231 M). Khalifah hanya sebagai simbol negara di era kekuasaan Buwaihi-Seljuk, dan negara Abbasiyah terpecah belah menjadi negara-negara kecil yang dipimpin oleh para gubernur yang dikenal dengan amir atau sulthan. Selain itu, keadaan ini juga melahirkan kota-kota pesaing Baghdad sebagai pusat peradaban dunia, seperti Isfahan, Ghaznah, Syiraz dan Bukhara.Kata Kunci: Abbasiyah, Asia Tengah, Peradaban Islam, Timur Baghda

Efektivitas Manajemen Produksi Dalam Pengembangan Produk Pada Usaha Industri Rumah Tangga Kue Kacang Ijo KN Lumpia Sabang di Aceh Besar

Efektifitas menunjukkan tercapainya tujuan yang diinginkan melalui serangkaian tindakan yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan. Konsekuensinya adalah inovasi dan kreativitas, tujuannya adalah menyempurnakan dan mengembangkan produk baru dalam rangka bersaing, kelangsungan hidup dan profitabilitas perusahaan. Usaha Industry Rumah Tangga Kue Kacang Ijo KN Lumpia Sabang di Aceh Besar merupakan industry rumah tangga yang berdiri sejak tahun 2009 dan menjadi subjek penelitian ini. Masalah dari penelitian ini adalah bagaimana efektifitas manajemen produksi dalam pengembangan produk yang dihasilkan pada Usaha Indutri Rumah Tangga Kue Kacang Ijo KN Lumpia Sabang dan bagaimana upaya pengembangan produknya. Penelitian ini bersifat penelitian lapangan dengan total populasi 16 (enam belas) orang sebagai responden dengan menggunakan Teknik Purposive Sampling. Pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik observasi, wawancara, serta dokumentasi. Penulis menggunakan analisa Deskriptif Kualitatif kemudian menyimpulkan bahwa efektifitas manajemen produksi dalam pengembangan produk pada usaha tersebut bertujuan untuk meningkatkan penjualan pada usaha, meningkat atau tidaknya penjualan tergantung bagaimana manajemen produksi, efektivitas dalam memproduksi kue lumpia yang dipesan oleh konsumen. Upaya Usaha Indutri Rumah Tangga dalam pengembangan produk memodifikasi produk lama dengan berbagai variasi bentuk kue lumpia dan modifikasi kemasan produk serta segmentansi untuk produk kue lumpia sebagai inovasi produk baru dalam usahanya guna mencapai hasil optimal

Endothelial dysfunction in diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, even in the presence of intensive glycemic control. Substantial clinical and experimental evidence suggest that both diabetes and insulin resistance cause a combination of endothelial dysfunctions, which may diminish the anti-atherogenic role of the vascular endothelium. Both insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction appear to precede the development of overt hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, in patients with diabetes or insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction may be a critical early target for preventing atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Microalbuminuria is now considered to be an atherosclerotic risk factor and predicts future cardiovascular disease risk in diabetic patients, in elderly patients, as well as in the general population. It has been implicated as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and premature cardiovascular mortality for patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, as well as for patients with essential hypertension. A complete biochemical understanding of the mechanisms by which hyperglycemia causes vascular functional and structural changes associated with the diabetic milieu still eludes us. In recent years, the numerous biochemical and metabolic pathways postulated to have a causal role in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular disease have been distilled into several unifying hypotheses. The role of chronic hyperglycemia in the development of diabetic microvascular complications and in neuropathy has been clearly established. However, the biochemical or cellular links between elevated blood glucose levels, and the vascular lesions remain incompletely understood. A number of trials have demonstrated that statins therapy as well as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors is associated with improvements in endothelial function in diabetes. Although antioxidants provide short-term improvement of endothelial function in humans, all studies of the effectiveness of preventive antioxidant therapy have been disappointing. Control of hyperglycemia thus remains the best way to improve endothelial function and to prevent atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular complications of diabetes. In the present review we provide the up to date details on this subject

Familial haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: rare cause of acute liver failure in a neonate--a case report

Familial haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHLH) is a rare lifethreatening disorder of the immune system characterized by proliferation and infiltration of hyperactivated macrophages and T-lymphocytes and manifesting as acute illness with prolonged fever, cytopenias, and hepatosplenomegaly. We describe a one-month-old female with FHLH and rapidly progressing liver failure. To conclude, FHLH should be included in the differential diagnosis of acute liver failure in neonates and young infants.Keywords: Familial haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis; Acute liver failure; Neonate; Case repor

Tracing the Rules of Sexual Abnormality in the Islamic Jurisprudence

Sexual abnormality or deviation is a social disorder that is considered a violation of social norms and expectations of civility. Such behavior is deemed deviant because it goes against religious rules and values upheld by society. This research aims to establish a middle ground between sexual deviation and Islamic jurisprudence with regard to sexual deviation activities. To achieve this, a comprehensive review of linked data sources was conducted using qualitative and literary research. The findings showed that certain types of sexual deviance such as sadomasochism, exhibitionism, voyeurism, fetishes, and others have not been extensively discussed in fiqh books. According to the rules of Uşul Fiqh, "al-wasāil laha hukmu al-gāyah ", indicates that the law of means (instruments) follows the law of purpose. This shows sexual deviance is considered one of the means to adultery, and as such, it falls under the law of adultery.Sexual abnormality or deviation is a social disorder that is considered a violation of social norms and expectations of civility. Such behavior is deemed deviant because it goes against religious rules and values upheld by society. This research aims to establish a middle ground between sexual deviation and Islamic jurisprudence with regard to sexual deviation activities. To achieve this, a comprehensive review of linked data sources was conducted using qualitative and literary research. The findings showed that certain types of sexual deviance such as sadomasochism, exhibitionism, voyeurism, fetishes, and others have not been extensively discussed in fiqh books. According to the rules of Uşul Fiqh, "al-wasāil laha hukmu al-gāyah ", indicates that the law of means (instruments) follows the law of purpose. This shows sexual deviance is considered one of the means to adultery, and as such, it falls under the law of adultery

Inflammatory cytokines and atrial fibrillation: current and prospective views

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia and a challenging clinical problem encountered in daily clinical practice. There is an increasing body of evidence linking inflammation to a broad spectrum of cardiovascular conditions including AF. Historical evidence supports an association between AF and inflammation and is consistent with the association of AF with inflammatory conditions of the heart, such as myocarditis and pericarditis. AF has been associated with myocardial oxidative stress, and antioxidant agents have demonstrated antiarrhythmic benefit in humans. Increased plasma interleukin (IL)-6, C-reactive protein (CRP), and plasma viscosity support the existence of an inflammatory state among “typical” populations with chronic AF. These indexes of inflammation are related to the prothrombotic state and may be linked to the clinical characteristics of the patients (underlying vascular disease and comorbidities), rather than simply to the presence of AF itself. It has been suggested that inflammation may have a role in the development of atrial arrhythmias after cardiac surgery, and that a genetic predisposition to develop postoperative complications exists. Cytokines can have a prognostic significance; IL-6 levels, CRP, and other cytokines may have prognostic value in AF. Cytokine lowering therapies, statins, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and other anti-inflammatory agents may have a role in the treatment of AF. The present article provides an overview of the evidence linking inflammatory cytokines to AF and their therapeutic and prognostic implications