Synthesis of Novel Neutral and Cationic Diamine-bis(ether-phosphine)ruthenium(II) Complexes in Homogeneous and Heterogeneous States as Tools for Parallel Catalyst Screening

A matrix of neutral diamine–bis(ether–phosphine)ruthenium(II) complexes were synthesized by treatment of the precursor complex RuCl2(h2-Ph2PCH2CH2OCH3)2 with various chelating diamines. The reaction of these complexes with one equivalent of AgSbF6, AgBF4, or TlPF6 led to the abstraction of one chloride by simultaneously coordinating one ether-oxygen atom to ruthenium with formation of the monocationic analogous. If a large excess of silver or thallium salt is used, the dichloro complexes are converted to the dications [Ru(h2-Ph2PCH2CH2OCH3)2(diamine)]2+. To merge parallel synthesis and interphase chemistry, the ether-phosphine ligand Ph2PCH2CH2OCH3 was modified by providing an adequate spacer carrying a triethoxysilyl group (T-silyl) at the periphery of the ligand system. The modified ligand C6H5P(CH2CH2OCH3)C6H4CH2NHC(O)NHCH2CH2CH2Si(OEt)3 was used in the synthesis of a matrix of T–silyl functionalized neutral ruthenium(II) complexes Cl2Ru(P~O)2(diamine) by addition of the same series of aliphatic and aromatic diamines to the bis(chelated) precursor complex Cl2Ru(P~O)2. The corresponding monocationic ruthenium(II) complexes [ClRu(PÇO)(P~O)(diamine)][BF4] were also prepared. The T–silyl functionalized diamine-bis(ether-phosphine)ruthenium(II) complexes were then sol-gel processed in the presence of different amounts of co-condensation agents. The resulting hybrid polymers offer a new array of complexes with variable mobilities, which represent potential interphase catalysts for the hydrogenation of conjugated ketones. Multinuclear CP/MAS solid-state NMR spectroscopy as well as EXAFS, EDX, SEM and BET methods were used as powerful techniques for the characterization of these polymers. The polymeric complexes which are introduced in this investigation are part of an array of interphase catalysts which have to be tested with particular screening methods to establish which of them are the best catalysts for the hydrogenation of unsaturated ketones.Eine Matrix von neutralen Diamin-bis(ether-phosphin)ruthenium(II)-Komplexen wurde durch Behandlung des Vorläuferkomplexes RuCl2(h2-Ph2PCH2CH2OCH3)2 mit verschiedenen Diaminen erhalten. Die Reaktion dieser Komplexe mit einem Äquivalent AgSbF6, AgBF4, oder TlPF6 führte zu einer Chlorid-Abstraktion und simultaner Koordinierung eines Ether-Sauerstoffatoms an Ruthenium unter Bildung monokatonischer Komplexe. Bei Verwendung eines großen Überschusses an Silber- oder Thalliumsalz bildeten sich die dikationischen Dichlorokomplexe [Ru(h2-Ph2PCH2CH2OCH3)2(diamin)]2+. Um parallele Synthese und Interphasenchemie zu kombinieren, wurde der Ether-Phosphin Ligand Ph2PCH2CH2OCH3 durch eine entsprechende, in der Peripherie des Ligandengerüsts befindliche Spacer-Einheit modifiziert, die mit einer T-Silylgruppe ausgestattet ist. Der auf diene Weise erhaltene Ligand C6H5P(CH2CH2OCH3)-C6H4CH2NHC(O)NHCH2CH2CH2Si(OEt)3 wurde zur Darstellung einer Matrix von neutralen T-Silyl-funktionalisierten Ruthenium(II)-Komplexen des Typs Cl2Ru(P~O)2(diamine) mit den selben aliphatischen und aromatischen Diamine umgesetzt. Die entsprechenden monokationischen Ruthenium(II)-Komplexe [ClRu(PÇO)(P~O)-(diamine)][BF4] wurden ebenfalls zugänglich gemacht. Die T-Silyl-funktionalisierten Diamin-bis(ether-phosphin)ruthenium(II)-Komplexe wurden dann in Gegenwart unterschiedlicher Mengen von Cokondensationsmitteln Sol-Gel-prozessiert. Bei den resultierenden Hybridpolymere handelt es sich um eine neue Art von Komplexen mit variabler Beweglichkeit. Multikern-CP/MAS-Festkörper-NMR-Spektroskopie sowie andere Methoden wie EXAFS, EDX, SEM und BET wurden als Techniken zur Charakterisierung dieser Polymere eingesetzt. Die beschriebenen Polymer-gebundenen Komplexe sind Teil einer neuer Gruppe von Interphasen-Katalysatoren, die mit bestimmten Screening - Methoden auf die Fragestellung hin untersucht werden müssen, welche von ihnen die besten Katalysatoren für die Hydrierung ungesättigter Ketone darstellen

العملات الرقمية غير الرسمية (تقدير اقتصادي إسلامي) The Informal Digital Currencies (An Islamic Economics evaluation)

ملخص هدفت الدراسة إلى بيان طبيعة وخصائص العملات الرقمية بمفهومها الواسع، كمدخل نظري للتعريف بحقيقة وأقسام العملات الرقمية، سواء أكانت العملات الافتراضية أو العملات المشفرة أو العملات المستقرة أو العملات القانونية، إلا أن الدراسة سلطت الضوء على العملات الرقمية غير الرسمية؛ وذلك لغاية إبراز التقدير الاقتصادي الإسلامي منها. وتضمنت الدراسة تكييف العملات الرقمية غير الرسمية بحسب ما توصل إليه خبراء الصناعة المالية الإسلامية، من خلال عدة تكييفات لماهية العملات الرقمية غير الرسمية، كما تضمنت الدراسة الإشارة لأبرز المخاطر الاقتصادية للعملات الرقمية غير الرسمية، منها المخاطر المتعلقة بالنقد والسياسة النقدية، بالإضافة إلى مخاطر الاستقرار المالي والمصرفي، وعرضت الدراسة تقدير الاقتصاد الإسلامي للعملات غير الرسمية، حيث أوضحت مخالفات العملات الرقمية غير الرسمية من منظور الاقتصاد الإسلامي، وبيان البديل الشرعي المناسب لتلك العملات الرقمية من موقف المذهب الاقتصادي الإسلامي. وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى أن العملات الرقمية غير الرسمية هي مجرد أصول افتراضية كأرقام وبيانات على شاشة منصات الإنترنت، وهذا التكييف سلب منها الطبيعة النقدية والسلعية، بالإضافة إلى عدم كونها أصول مالية حقيقية. كما خلصت الدراسة إلى مخاطر العملات الرقمية غير الرسمية ذات أثر على الاقتصاد الكلي؛ من حيث النقد والسياسة النقدية والاستقرار المالي والمصرفي، بالإضافة إلى العملات الرقمية غير الرسمية لا تتوافق مع موقف الاقتصاد الإسلامي من عدة محاور، والبديل المناسب هي النقود والعملات الرقمية القانونية الصادرة من البنوك المركزية. الكلمات المفتاحية: العملات الرقمية، العملات غير الرسمية، العملات الافتراضية.The Informal Digital Currencies (An Islamic Economics evaluation) Abstract The study aimed to discuss the properties of digital currencies in wide concept, as theoretical entry to define terms of virtual currencies, Crypto-currencies, Stable coins, and Central Bank digital Currencies. Although the study casting light on informal digital currencies, in order to display the Islamic economics consideration. The study included most of prominent economic risks of informal digital currencies, as money and monetary policy risk, in addition to banking and financial stability risks. Also, the study offered the informal digital currencies in Islamic economics point view, where it explained the violations of informal digital currencies from the perspective of Islamic economics, and the appropriate Shari‘ah alternative to those digital currencies was explained from the position of the Islamic economic doctrine. The study concluded that informal digital currencies are just virtual assets, such as numbers and data on the screen of internet platforms, and this characterization eliminate their monetary and commodity feature, and also to not being real financial assets. Moreover, the study found the risks of informal digital currencies having an impact on the macroeconomic, In terms of money and monetary policy, financial and banking stability, and in several aspects informal digital currencies couldn’t be an Islamic economic complaint, so central banks digital currencies will be the appropriate alternative of informal digital currencies. Keywords: digital currencies, informal digital currencies, virtual currencies, Crypto-currencies

Investigation of material removal rate and surface roughness during electrical discharge machining on Al (6061)-5%SiC-10%B4C hybrid composite

Electrode Discharge Mechanism (EDM) is a manufacturing process using controlled sparks that occur between an electrically conductive workpiece and an electrode in the presence of an insulating liquid. The EDM process is commonly used to manufacture metallic matrix compounds that have wide applications in the railway sectors and the aircraft industry. Aluminum metal matrix composites (AMMCs) are one of the important kinds of metallic matrix compounds due to their advanced characteristics, such as lightweight and high strength. This lightweight material was developed and used in various manufacturing processes, like the automobile industry to reduce vehicle weight and thus reduce fuel consumption. This paper discussed the experiments of the EDM that were conducted to examine the effect of machining parameters, including peak current (10, 20, and 30 A), pulse on different times (50, 100, and 200 µsec), duty factors (4, 6, and 8) on the material removal rate, and surface roughness of the Al (6061)-5%SiC-10%B4C hybrid composite as workpiece using copper electrode tool by Box-Behnken design. The analysis data for the dependent and independent variables manifested that the influence of machine parameters whenever Ip and Pon increase, the MRR and Ra increase.

Investigation and optimization of machining parameters in electrochemical machining of aluminium metal matrix composites

Metal matrix composites (MMCs) have been increasingly used in industries, nuclear plant, and automobiles due to their superior properties compared to other alloys, and that is owing to the tough and abrasive hard reinforced particles. It’s complicated to machine hard materials by traditional processes methods, therefore The present study focused on the investigation of parameters in electrochemical machining (ECM) like electrolyte concentration(EC), voltage(V), and Inter-electrode gap (IEG) on the radial over cut (ROC) and material removal rate (MRR) in the ECM of Al-7.5%B4C. Stir casting method was used to fabricate metal matrix composites. Based on Taguchi design, the process parameters were optimized. A Multiple Regression Model (MRM) was employed as model for radial over cut and material removal rate. The mathematical model was examined using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The EC 10 g/L, V 10 v, and IEG 0.3 mm are the optimal parametric combination for ROC. Also, the EC 30 g/L, V 18 V, and IEG 0.2 mm are the optimal parametric combination for MRR

The Contributions of non-Muslim Scholars to The House of Wisdom

الحمد لله رب العالمين والصلاة والسلام على أشرف الخلق سيدنا محمد وعلى آل بيته الطيبين الطاهرين. إن هذا البحث الموسوم بـ(دور العلماء غير المسلمين في بيت الحكمة) يأتي ضمن الدراسات التي تسلط الضوء على دراسة الحياة العلمية في العصر العباسي الأول وأثرها، وإبراز دور هؤلاء العلماء الذين أسهموا في تطور الحياة العلمية في العصر العباسي، إذ لم يقتصر على تطور العلوم على العرب المسلمين فحسب لذا كانت مؤلفاتهم قد أخذت حيزها في مكتبة بيت الحكمة التي كانت أنموذجاً في هذا المجال. لذا بات من الضروري التعرف على أهم العلماء المشهورين منهم، فضلاً عن التعرف على نتاجاتهم العلمية التي أُعدت لخدمة العلم وأهله. وقد تضمن البحث على مقدمة ومبحثين وخاتمه ثم ثبت للمصادر والمراجع، تنأول المبحث الأول  جذور بيت الحكمة العباسي من التسمية والموقع والتأسيس بينما تضمن المبحث الثاني العلماء غير المسلمين في بيت الحكمة من نصارى ويهود وصابئة وفرس.The Abbasid period was a period of prosperity for the scientific movement, as it witnessed a great development in various sciences and fields, due to the emergence of a large number of scientists, writers and thinkers as well as the interest of the Abbasid caliphs in translation and spread widely, and the Abbasid period expanded in education in general, Establishment of several schools and institutions concerned with culture The libraries of the House of Wisdom, established by the Caliph al-Ma'mun, have become a place for scientists and learners of the Nile from the sciences that are stored in their shelves, as well as the place where the products of the nation Scientists in various sciences.            Bayt al-Hikma was not only embraced by Arab and Muslim scholars, but also by non-Muslim scholars such as Nasri, Jews, Sabians and Persians. Who have mastered various sciences and played a role in their development. It is therefore necessary to shed light on them to clarify their role as they are Muslims who participated in their civilizational development.                        The nature of the study necessitated dividing the research into an introduction, two papers, a conclusion, and a list of sources and references. The first topic dealt with the roots of the Abbasid House of Wisdom from the name, location, and establishment. The second topic included non-Muslim scholars in Beit al-Hikma from Christians, Jews, Sabians and Persians. The conclusion dealt with the main findings of the research

Impact of Human Capital Development and Human Capital Isolation Mechanisms on Innovative Performance: Evidence from Industrial Companies in Jordan

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of human capital development mechanisms (training, incentives structure and attraction of skilled employees) and human capital isolation mechanisms (specificity of company resources and internal characteristics of knowledge in the company) on organizational human capital development and enhancement (well-educated, well-trained employees with suitable job experience). In addition, the study tried to examine the impact of organizational human capital on innovative performance (introduction of new products, replacement of old products, quality of new products and work processes innovations). A questionnaire was developed to collect data from a sample consisting of 500 managers working in selected industrial Jordanian companies at different levels of management. A total of 463 questionnaires were returned giving a response rate of 92.6%. The results found significant as well as positive impacts of human capital development mechanisms and human capital isolation mechanisms on organizational human capital, which in turn significantly affected innovative performance. The results of the study confirmed the acceptance of all hypotheses. The originality of the current study is that it tested and confirmed the important role played by different variables related to the development of organizational human capital which in turn delivers improvements in innovation performance. In light of these results, the study recommends the need to protect human capital through the use of isolation mechanisms in addition to the use of development mechanisms employed in the current study. For future studies, the study recommends the use of additional mechanisms associated with the development and isolation of human capital as this has demonstrated a positive impact in improving innovation performance. Keywords: human capital development, human capital isolation mechanisms, innovative performance. DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/11-15-21 Publication date:May 31st 201

Levels of Psychosocial Problems of Children Attending outpatient Clinics of the Paediatric Hospitals in the City of Baghdad

AbstractObjective: The purpose of the study is to find out the levels of psychosocial problems in a sample of out-patient children attending the paediatric hospitals in Baghdad city at the time of this study.Methodology: A descriptive study design was achieved from Aug. 21ist through Nov. 10th 2013. A non-probability accidental sample of 138 children with age ranged from six to twelve year and more, who attended with their parent in one of the outpatient departments of paediatric hospitals in Baghdad city, participated in this study. A designed questionnaire was used for the study. This questionnaire is a modified version of Paediatric Symptoms Checklist (PSC) and it consists of two parts; a basic demographic characteristics which includes the information about the child: age, gender, class and number of children in the family; information about the parents such as age, level of education and occupation and secondly, a part forms the inventory. The inventory comprised of 38 items organised into five subcategories. Four choices were for each item. The total score of the inventory was ranged from zero to 114.Results: One hundred and thirty eight questionnaires were completed. 56.5% of sample is male, 29.7% of the pupils are in fifth class, and 56.5% are of families having 4 to 6 child. Half of the fathers are of four decade old while more than half of the mothers are of three decade old; and 41.3% of parents and 54.3% of mothers have primary school. The severity of psychosocial problems of the participants ranged from mild (38.4%, n: 53); moderate (31.9%, n: 44); and severe (29.7%, n: 41). The study found that the higher severity of the child's psychosocial problems was significantly correlated with older age of their parents.Conclusions: The present study revealed that more than half of children are male; and also more than half of the families have four children and more; less than half of fathers and more than half of mothers have primary school level of education; half of the fathers are from fourth decade and more than half of mothers are from third decade; the study indicated that more than half of children have level of psychosocial problems ranged between moderate toKUFA JOURNAL FOR NURSING SCIENCES Vol. 6 No. 3 Sep. through Dec. 2016050severe. Finally, the results indicated that the older the parents are the severer levels of psychosocial problems have their children.Recommendation: The study recommends that the psychosocial health should be considered as target and important aspect for such study as a part of child health service; suggest an educational program for the importance of psychosocial health, in hospitals, out-patients clinics, and non-governmental organizations in order to increase people's level of understanding regarding psychosocial health as well as preventing child's distress; and conduct further studies to provide critical information concerning factors that influence child's psychosocial health, with more concerns about other unstudied factors.Keywords: psychosocial, children, out-patient, paediatric, Baghdad city