Quintic spline collocation method for fractional boundary value problems

AbstractThe spline collocation method is a competent and highly effective mathematical tool for constructing the approximate solutions of boundary value problems arising in science, engineering and mathematical physics. In this paper, a quintic polynomial spline collocation method is employed for a class of fractional boundary value problems (FBVPs). The FBVPs are expressed in terms of Caputo’s fractional derivative in this approach. The consistency relations are derived in order to compute the approximate solutions of FBVPs. Finally, numerical results are given, which demonstrate the effectiveness of the numerical scheme

Suicide Rate Predictions In Pakistan By using Neural Networks

Suicide is the understudied subject in Pakistan that is a cause of death all over the world. Seventy-fivepercent of suicide occurs in LMIC.In Pakistan information about suicide is limited. The study is about tofind the number of suicide from major cities of Pakistan and then predict the number of suicides by usingNeural Networks Algorithm. About 24639 cases were found in our research from 2001-18 in majorcities of Pakistan. Hanging and poisoning were the most common methods of suicide. The peak age ofsuicide committers was 20-35 included males and females. The lowest number of suicide was inBahawalpur (130 from 2001 to 2018) and the Highest was in Lahore (5925 from 2001 to 2018)

Prevelance of Epigastric pain in patients taking oral NSAIDS alone versus those taking combination of NSAIDs and misoprostol

                                                                   ABSTRACTObjective:                  This study was done to study degree of relationship between epigastric pain due to gastritis and consumption of NSAIDs.Design:This was observational type of study.Duration and time:This study was conducted at Mayo Hospital Lahore in General Outdoor patient department from july 2017 to December 2017.Method:Every patient taking oral NSAIDs or combination of oral NSAIDs and misoprostol twice daily from last two months was included in our study. Written consent form was signed by each patient to be part of study. A questionnaire was made to ask about symptoms of patient. The date obtained was analysed using Microsoft excel and spss.Results:A total of 153 patients were included in our study. Patients taking only oral NSAIDs were 97(63.39%) whereas those taking combination of Oral NSAIDs and Misoprostol were 56 (36.60%).Among the patients who were taking oral NSAIDs alone 73(75.25%) developed epigastric pain whereas remaining 24( 24.74%) did not develop any such symptom. Out of the patients taking combination NSAIDs+ misoprostol only 11 (19.64%)  developed epigastric pain others did not.Conclusion: Using NSAIDs can cause gastritis and thus should not be prescribed alone. Our study has very well established role of Misoprostol in protection of gastric mucosa against harmful affects of NSAIDs

Frequency of Stress among Medical Students

Stress arises once an individual is unable to handle a situation. Continuous stress may lead to certain complications. Objective: To see the frequency of stress among medical students. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 182 medical students of the fourth year and final year from different medical colleges of Pakistan. A pre-designed questionnaire was served to the students. Different questions about stress, its reasons, and handling techniques were asked. Data were analyzed with SPPS V.23. Results: 135 (88.2%) out of 182 medical students including 69 females (45.09%) and 66 males (43.13%) reported that they faced different kinds of stress i.e. continuous or random stress during their academic and clinical rotations.  Different kinds of handling techniques were isolation, handing out with friends, focusing on studies, etc. Conclusion: Most of the medical students face stress during their academics and clinical rotations. This stress may be for a smaller time or longer time depending on the nature of stress and ability of the student to cope with the stress

Sonographic Evaluation of Causes of Right Hypochondriac Pain

Background: Right hypochondriac pain or right upper abdominal quadrant (RUQ) pain is the most common type of pain, reason of 7.9% patients presenting at the OPD and ET departments of hospitals. RUQ main has multiple recorded causes with different frequencies of presentation. Ultrasound is the essential imaging methodology of decision for introductory evaluation and fills in as a practical and dynamic methodology to give a conclusive finding. Various systems of organs are incorporated at standard RUQ US, and an assortment of ultrasonographically diagnosable infection cycles can be recognized, including states of hepatic, pancreatic, adrenal, renal, gastrointestinal, vascular, and thoracic, all of which may bring about RUQ torment and pain. Most common causes, however, incorporate acute hepatitis and issues with gall bladder such as cholelithiasis as reported in existing literature The present study was thus conducted to evaluate the causes of right hypochondriac pain adopting ultrasound as the modality of choice. All the patients were scanned using SIMENS Grey scale/doppler ultrasound machine. Scanning was done in both transverse, longitudinal and any other plane deemed necessary to adequately visualize the right upper quadrant. Patients of either sex suffering from right hypochondrium pain were included in the study. They were referred from surgical OPD/ward of Chaudhary Muhammad Akram Teaching and Research Hospital. Duration of study was 4 months, during this period 154 patients were selected on the basis of  age, gender and  radiological findings,  informed, verbal consent was taken and ultrasonographic reports were collected  from radiologist office. It was found that out of 154 recorded cases, 93 were females and 61 males. Patients presented with a mixed frequencies of pain, highest being generalized abdominal pain. For the causes of RUQ pain, hepatic cyst was found to be the major cause present in 38.3% study participants followed by cholelithiasis (13.6%), hepatic hemangioma (10.4%), and right renal cyst (6.5%). Other findings included conditions like fatty liver (5.8%), gallbladder polyp (5.8%), right renal stones and hepatocellular carcinoma (3.9%). It was concluded that hepatic cysts and gall bladder stones are the major cause of RUQ pain in the present study sample. Although in some cases  non-significant causes included hepatic calcification, focal nodular hyperplasia and lipomas are causes pain. As in our cases, US seems to be an important diagnostic modelity in both the diagnosis and follow-up of Right hypochondriac pain and it may provide a faster, easier method of diagnosis. Keywords: Right Hypochondriac Region, Cholelithiasis, Acute Hepatitis, Ultrasound, Inflammation. DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/91-06 Publication date:July 31st 202

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Spline solutions of linear fractional bvps with two caputos approaches

In this paper, an efficient numerical methods based on cubic polynomial spline functions are proposed for the linear fractional boundary value problems (FBVPs) with Caputos left and right fractional operator. In computing the approximation to the solutions of FBVPs, consistency relations have been derived with the help of spline functions. For convergence analysis of this method, it is assumed that the exact solu- tion of FBVP belongs to a class of C⁶ -functions. Numerical examples are considered to illustrate the accuracy and efficiency of this method and compare the results with other methods developed by Akram and Tariq in [18] and Zahra and Elkholy in [28-30].Publisher's Versio

Numerical Approximations for the Solutions of Fourth Order Time Fractional Evolution Problems Using a Novel Spline Technique

Developing mathematical models of fractional order for physical phenomena and constructing numerical solutions for these models are crucial issues in mathematics, physics, and engineering. Higher order temporal fractional evolution problems (EPs) with Caputo’s derivative (CD) are numerically solved using a sextic polynomial spline technique (SPST). These equations are frequently applied in a wide variety of real-world applications, such as strain gradient elasticity, phase separation in binary mixtures, and modelling of thin beams and plates, all of which are key parts of mechanical engineering. The SPST can be used for space discretization, whereas the backward Euler formula can be used for time discretization. For the temporal discretization, the method’s convergence and stability are assessed. To show the accuracy and applicability of the proposed technique, numerical simulations are employed

To determine the effects of various concentrations of nano zirconia particles on the tensile strength of poly metyl methacrylate material

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the tensile strength of  Poly methyl methacrylate denture base material before and after addition of various concentrations of Nano- Zirconia. Study design: Experimental study, Laboratory based. Materials and Methods: 60 Dumb bell shaped specimens were prepared from heat polymerized acrylic resins and were divided into six groups. (n=10). Zirconia nanoparticles size and shape was observed under TEM. Zirconia nanoparticles surfaces were treated with silane coupling agent and was observed under Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy FTIR. Nano Zirconia particles were not added in the control group while test groups were reinforced with 1%,3%,7%,10%,12% Nano Zirconia. Tensile strength test was applied with the help of Tensile testing machine.  With the help of Scanning electron microscopy fractured specimens were observed. 1-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis and paired sample t-test for multiple comparison was applied using IBM-SPSS 20 (p&lt;--0.05). Results: Groups in which zirconium oxide nanoparticles are added exhibited an increase in tensile strength i.e 1%NZ, 3%NZ, 7%NZ, 10%NZ and 12%NZ by 45.67MPa, 51.59MPa, 55.77MPa, 59.69MPa and 67.70MPa compared with that of control group 49,67MPa respectively. Conclusion: Zirconium oxide nanoparticles that are added  to PMMA denture base material increases its tensile forte

The impact of E-service quality, Facebook usage and Artificial Intelligence on E-learning systems: The mediating role of student satisfaction: Sidra Shehzadi, Dr. Samia Jamshed, Hira Nosheen, Jamil Asim, Sehar Alam Bhatti, Shazia Akram

The adoption of e-learning systems has been increasing and reports indicate that Asia has the highest percentage of the growth towards e-learning systems. Following this backdrop, the main purpose of the present study was to evaluate the role of the E-service quality, Facebook usage, artificial intelligence, and student satisfaction on the usage of the E-learning systems. Sample data was collected from students enrolled in any institute offering e-learning in Malaysia. A total of 500 questionnaires were disseminated to the participants identified via online polling and a total of 412 usable questionnaires were evaluated for SEM. The findings of the study show that the usage of Facebook, Artificial intelligence, the satisfaction of students, and E-service quality affected the use of the E-learning systems. Students’ satisfaction was also found to positively mediate with AI, FBU, ESQ, and ELS. E-learning adoption is increasing in Malaysia and the recent outbreak of COVID-19 has also invigorated the need for the development of effective e-learning programs so that the education of students doesn’t get interruptions. The present study has important theoretical and practical implications in this regard; the findings can be applied to the development of e-learning systems of the countr