Pattern of odontogenic tumours in Nigeria: a review of the literature

Objective: Odontogenic tumours are lesions derived from the epithelial and/ or mesenchymal remnants of the tooth-forming apparatus. Various authors from different centres in Nigeria have at different times reported their experiences of the prevalence, clinical presentation and management of odontogenic tumours, but no effort till date had been made to harmonise all these works with a view to showing the true pattern of these tumours among Nigerians as a whole. This is what the present review article sets out to achieve. Method: All articles published in Nigeria on odontogenic tumours from 1969 to date were reviewed. These articles were sourced from online stores using the PUBMED and HINARI. Manual search of the references in these articles was also done to identify additional relevant articles not listed in the above sites. Result: Ameloblastoma was found to be the most reported odontogenic tumour, and has been described as the most frequently occurring odontogenic tumour in Nigeria. Although malignant variants of odontogenic tumours were well recognized, they were less reported in Nigeria than in the rest of the world. Peak age of occurrence for odontogenic tumours generally was between the 3rd and the 4th decades with variations in male to female ratio based on the type of odontogenic tumour. Mandible was found to be favoured more than maxilla as the common site of occurrence. Late presentation for treatment was a common phenomenon in all studies reviewed. Conclusion: Odontogenic tumours remain a very common orofacial tomour in Nigeria and the literature is replete about studies from Nigeria. While large number of epidemiological studies exists, little efforts have been focused on management of patients to including challenges of reconstructive surgery and optimum prosthetic rehabilitation for improved  outcome and quality of life

Trends of oral cancer in University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria

Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the trend and recent pattern of oral cancer in the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Method: A retrospective analysis of all cases of oral cancer (excluding lymphoid cancers) documented in the records of the Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pathology, University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan, from the year 1983 to 2007 was done. The analysis of the data collected was compared with three earlier studies in this same centre and the published literature in general. Result: Over the 25-year-period a total 450 cases of oral cancer were recorded. More than half of the cases were squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) and 58.0% of these occurred in the palate which was the commonest site. Compared with previous studies, the male to female ratio of 1.4:1 revealed a higher number of females, and more patients were recorded in the first and tenth decades of life. Conclusion: The trends in oral cancer prevalence in UCH, Ibadan, show that oral SCC, still occurs commonly in the palate in our environment, and constituted the bulk of oral cancer. In addition, more females and patients within the extremes of age are being increasingly affected. There is before a need for more investigations into the possible aetiological factors in our environment in order to offer a preventive approach to the management of the disease

Bilateral Transverse Facial Cleft as an Isolated Deformity

Transverse facial clefts are rare deformities, these mostly occur as part of syndromes such as facial dysostosis and branchial arch syndrome. This is a report of a case of isolated, asyndromic bilateral facial cleft seen at a semi-urban specialist hospital. Congenital facial defects remain sources of mental and social stress to the families. Infanticide, perhaps a thing of the past in the developed world may still be practiced in cases of congenital deformities in the developing countries, hence the need for early involvement of social workers and clinical psychologist in management.Facials fendus transverse sont des d\ue9formit\ue9s rares, le plus souvent, ils arrivent comme une partie des syndromes tels que facial dysostose et syndrome branchial arch. Il s'agit d'un rapport d'un cas isol\ue9, facial fendu asyndromique bilat\ue9rial vu dans un h\uf4pital specialiste semi-urban. D\ue9fauts facials cong\ue9nitaux est toujours les sources du stress social et mental pour des familles. L'enfanticide, peut-\ueatre une chose du pass\ue9 dans le monde d\ue9velopp\ue9 pourrait \ueatre en pratique dans les cas des d\ue9formit\ue9s cong\ue9nitales dans les pays en voie de d\ue9veloppement, donc, le besoin pour une participation pr\ue9coce des ouvriers social et psychologiste clinique dans la prise en charge

Comparative antioxidant activity, total phenol and total flavonoid contents of two Nigerian ocimum species

Antioxidants are compounds which act as a major defense against oxidative stress caused by free radicals. In this study, a comparative evaluation of the antioxidant properties, phenolic and flavonoid contents of the methanolic extracts of Ocimum gratissimum Linn and Ocimum canum Sims was carried out. Crude extracts of both plants were obtained by maceration of powdered plant materials in methanol (80%) for 24hrs. The phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined using standard methods while the antioxidant capacities were evaluated using six different in vitro radical scavenging assays: total antioxidant potential, reductive potential, I, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, lipid peroxidation inhibition, hydroxyl radical and nitric oxide scavenging activity. The total phenolic content in O. gratissimum and O. canum were found to be 32.66 ± 6.21 and 17.19 ± 2.54 mg GAE/g dw while total flavonoid content gave 1.94 ± 0.23 and 0.67 ± 0.01 mg QUE/g dw, respectively. Both extracts had effective reductive potential as well as exhibited strong total antioxidant capacity with increasing concentration of extract. Comparatively, O. gratissimum exhibited a significantly (p < 0.05) higher capacity to quench the DPPH free radical with IC50 value of 26.01 ± 3.2 µg/ml than O. canum, which has an IC50 value of 60.45 ± 5.22 µg/m. O. gratissimum also significantly inhibited membrane lipid peroxidation and hydroxyl radical formation with IC50 of 99.37 ± 8.56 µg/ml and 465.33 ± 21.62 µg/ml, respectively while O. canum correspondingly gave IC50 values of 447.5 ± 35.61 µg/ml and 868.16 ± 43.05 µg/ml. In the nitric oxide scavenging activity, however, O. canum showed a stronger inhibitory effect than O. gratissimum as indicated by their IC50 values of 277.22 ± 15.09 µg/ml and 731 ± 56.99 µg/ml, respectively. These activities are however several folds lower than those of butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT), ascorbic acid and quercetin used as antioxidant standards. The results demonstrate that O. gratissimum has greater antioxidant capacity than O. canum because of its relatively higher radical scavenging activity in all antiradical tests carried out except the nitric acid scavenging test and higher contents of flavonoid and phenolic compounds. O. gratissimum is therefore more beneficial therapeutically than O. canum since it provides better defense against free radical induced oxidative stress, and this attribute probably explains its relative preference in ethnomedicine for both culinary and medicinal purposes amongst the Ocimum species widely cultivated in South Western Nigeria

Antifungal, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxicity activities of three varieties of Labisia pumila benth : from microwave obtained extracts.

Background: Labisia pumila, locally known as Kacip Fatimah, is a forest-floor plant that has tremendous potential in the herbal industry. It is one of the five herbal plants identified by the government as one of the national key economic areas to be developed for commercial purposes. There are three varieties of L. pumila namely, L. pumila var. pumila, L. pumila var. alata and L. pumila var. lanceolata and each has its own use.Methods: The leaves and roots of the three varieties of L. pumila Benth. were extracted using microwave assisted extraction (MAE). Antifungal activity of all plant extracts were characterized against Fusarium sp., Candida sp. and Mucor using the agar diffusion disc. Anti-inflammatory assays were performed using NO production by macrophage RAW 264.7 cell lines induced by LPS/IFN-g and cytotoxic activity was determined using several cancer cell lines and one normal cell line.Results: The overall result demonstrated that leaf and root extracts of all three varieties of L. pumila exhibited moderate to appreciable antifungal activity against Fusarium sp., Candida sp. and Mucor compared to streptomycin used as positive control. Leaf and root extracts of all varieties significantly decreased NO release. However, the root extracts showed higher activity compared to the leaf extracts. Cytotoxic activity against MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and Chang cell lines were observed with all extracts.Conclusions: These findings suggest the potential use of L. pumila Benth. as a natural medicine and indicated the possible application of this medicinal plant such anti inflammatory activity and cytotoxic agents

Identification of a Novel Calotropis procera Protein That Can Suppress Tumor Growth in Breast Cancer through the Suppression of NF-κB Pathway

10.1371/journal.pone.0048514PLoS ONE712

Third-trimester ultrasound diagnosis of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) – A review of two cases

Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is an unbalanced net transfusion of blood between twin fetuses through placental anastomoses. It is a complication of monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA) twin gestation in which one of the twins is the donor while the other twin acts as the recipient. TTTS without treatment is a major cause of increased morbidity and mortality among MCDA twin pregnancies. Ultrasound diagnosis and staging of TTTS are based on Quintero staging which influences the choice of management. We present two cases of ultrasound diagnosed TTTS. A 27-year-old G2P1+0 with twin gestation who had an ultrasound scan at 34 weeks gestation, and a diagnosis of Quintero stage 1 TTTS was made. She had an emergency caesarian operation and was delivered of two live babies. A 24-year-old G1P0+0 with twin gestation who had an ultrasound scan at 35 weeks gestation, with a diagnosis of Quintero stage 5TTTS. The donor twin was alive while the recipient twin had hydrops fetalis with no cardiac activity. An emergency caesarian section was done and the donor twin survived. TTTS is a common complication among MCDA twins and it is a cause of increased morbidity and mortality among them. Early diagnosis through ultrasonography and prompt management will help reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with the syndrome

INVESTIGATION FOR OPTIMAL INHIBITION EFFICIENCY AGAINST MILD-CARBON STEEL CORRRSIONIN0.1 M ACIDIC MEDIA USING CASHEW EXTRACT

Corrosion is an everyday challenge in all sectors of the economy particularly the manufacturing industry and this has led to massive economic loss. Literature is sparse on optimal Inhibition efficiency from Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and Tetra-oxo-sulphate (vi) Acid (H2SO4). The aim and objective of this research is to observe optimal Inhibition Efficiency from acidic media using cashew extracts as eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor. 0.1M of HCl and H2SO4 of 0.1M were used for the cashew extract in this research. Mild carbon steel with thickness 0.1 cm was used. It was cut into various coupons of dimensions 4 x 5 x 0.1 cm. The cashew waste extract produced was used as a corrosion inhibitor on mild carbon steel in 0.1M of HCl and H2SO4. It was observed that as the concentration of inhibitor increases, the inhibitor efficiency also increases. The optimal inhibition efficiency observed in HCl was 80.5% while 83.7% was in H2SO4. After 336 hours of test, it was concluded that H2SO4 is a better acidic medium

Fetal imaging and diagnosis services in developing countries – A call to action

Fetal congenital anomalies are among the leading causes of perinatal death or survival with disability worldwide. Their accurate antenatal detection employing a range of fetal imaging techniques enables parental choices to be made and for postnatal care of affected babies to be planned. While such prenatal care is well developed in developed countries of the world, it remains poor in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This review article examines the scope of the problem and proffers strategies for service organization and fetal imaging that will improve care in LMIC settings