Linguistic based Movements for separation in South Asian States: A Case Study of Sri Lanka

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mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} The effect of linguistic is the integral part of the Social and political consideration in the multi-linguistic countries all over the World. South Asian countries are facing multi-linguistic problem and as a result separation movements exist in the region since decades. However, each state/country is confronting this issue according to its environment and local circumstances. This paper will focus the impacts of ethnicity on education and poverty in Sri Lanka. The existence of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh is one of the major reasons of linguistic issue. In case of Sri Lanka, the Tamil movement though could not succeed due to various reasons but originally initiated due to linguistic deprivation of Tamil community. The main reasons are not only language but the deprivation in education, employment and social status like poverty of particular community. If their problems are addressed properly then the linguistic issue cannot be highlighted. It is worth mentioning that all the linguistic based separation movement succeeded if supported by the International community otherwise failed. The good examples are Tamil and Khalistan separation movements. In addition to above, the Sri Lankan government took advantage of 9/11 incident and crushed the movement with force and international community remained silent. As a result this linguistic based separation movement could not succeeded in Sri Lanka despite the fact that these kind of movements succeeded in South Asia.  </p

Polymeric Piezoelectric Transducers for Hydrophone Applications

Conventional ceramic piezoelectric materials have been used in hydrophones for sonarapplications since 1940's. In the last few years since the discovery of polymeric piezoelectrichydrophones, the technology has matured, applications have emerged in extraordinary number ofcases such as underwater navigation, biomedical applications, biomimetics, etc. Hydrophones areused underwater at high hydrostatic pressures. In the presence of hydrostatic pressures, theanisotropic piezoelectric response of ceramic materials is such that it has poor hydrophone performancecharacteristics whereas polymeric piezoelectric materials show enough hydrostatic piezoelectriccoefficients. Moreover, piezoelectric polymers have low acoustic impedance, which is only 2-6 timethat of water, whereas in piezoelectric ceramics, it is typically 11-time greater than that of water. Aclose impedance match permits efficient transduction of acoustic signals in water and tissues. Newlydeveloped hydrostatic-mode polyvinylidene flouride (PVDF) hydrophones use a pressure-releasesystem to achieve improved sensitivity. Recently, voided PVDF materials have been used for makinghydrophones having higher sensitivity and figure of merit than unvoided PVDF materials

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, ANTI-NOCICEPTIVE AND ANTIPYRETIC POTENTIAL OF TERMINALIA CITRINA FRUIT EXTRACTS

Background: Plants and herbs have long been used as remedies without scientific evidences. The objective of the present study was to explore the anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive and antipyretic potential of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Terminalia citrina fruits in mice. Materials and Methods: Extracts of Terminalia citrina fruits were evaluated at doses of 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg and 600mg/kg in albino mice for preventive effect in inflammatory edema, peripheral pain sensation and pyrexia. Carrageenan induced paw edema method was utilized to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity. Analgesic appraisal of extracts was demonstrated using acetic acid induced writhing model of pain. Antipyretic potential was determined by brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia model. Statistical analysis was conducted by ANOVA following post hoc test. Results: Both extracts exhibited significant and dose-dependent anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities. The ethanolic extract was more effective in reducing inflammatory edema, pyrexia and pain sensation than aqueous extracts in all tested doses. Conclusion: It can be concluded that fruit extracts of Terminalia citrina may be effective in reducing inflammation, pyrexia and pain sensation in animals

Cyclophosphazene Intrinsically Derived Heteroatom (S, N, P, O)-Doped Carbon Nanoplates for Ultrasensitive Monitoring of Dopamine from Chicken Samples

A novel, metal-free electrode based on heteroatom (S, N, P, O)-doped carbon nanoplates (SNPO-CPL) modifying lead pencil graphite (LPG) has been synthesized by carbonizing a unique heteroatom (S, N, P, O)-containing novel polymer, poly(cyclcotriphosphazene-co-2,5-dioxy-1,4-dithiane) (PCD), for precise screening of dopamine (DA). The designed electrode, SNPO-CPL-800, with optimized percentage of S, N, P, O doping through the sp2-carbon chain, and a large number of surface defects (thus leading to a maximum exposition number of catalytic active sites) led to fast molecular diffusion through the micro-porous structure and facilitated strong binding interaction with the targeted molecules in the interactive signaling transducer at the electrode&ndash;electrolyte interface. The designed SNPO-CPL-800 electrode exhibited a sensitive and selective response towards DA monitoring, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.01 nM. We also monitored DA levels in commercially available chicken samples using the SNPO-CPL-800 electrode even in the presence of interfering species, thus proving the effectiveness of the designed electrode for the precise monitoring of DA in real samples. This research shows there is a strong potential for opening new windows for ultrasensitive DA monitoring with metal-free electrodes

Is Economic Growth and Industrial Growth the reason for environmental degradation in SAARC countries

In the last four decades,  the developing countries have built a heavy industrial base which is seen as a threat to the environment. The trade liberalization policies of the SAARC counties led them to increase the production for domestic use and exports. This increase in industrial output is a real threat to environmental degradation as the industrial share is quite significant in the GDP of the SAARC countries. The present study is designed to check the existence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis and then use industry output as a regressor to see how it is affecting the environment. The panel regression models are used for estimation by taking data from 1980 to 2018. The results are obtained by using Newey-West standard robust errors. The results suggested that there exists a U-shape relationship between economic growth and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) while an inverted U-shape relationship is found between industrial growth and CO2. Furthermore, a unidirectional causality was observed between industrial growth, human capital, energy consumption, and CO2 while bidirectional causality was observed between urbanization and CO2. The present study suggests that there is a need to adopt environmental protection policies related to the industrial sector in the SAARC region.Keywords: Economic Growth, Idustrial Growth, Environmental DegradationJEL Classifications: Q43, Q54, R11DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.11769</p

Escherichia coli pathotypes in Pakistan from consecutive floods in 2010 and 2011.

This study compares Escherichia coli pathotypes circulating among children in Pakistan during the floods of 2010 and 2011 and from sporadic cases outside flood affected areas. Using multiplex polymerase chain reaction 115 of 205 stool samples (56.29%) were positive for diarrheagenic E. coli from specimens taken during the floods compared with 50 of 400 (12.5%) stool samples being positive for sporadic cases. The E. coli pathotypes were categorized as Enteropathogenic E. coli 33 (28.69%) and 13 (26%), Enterotoxigenic E. coli 29 (25.21%) and 15 (30%), Enteroaggregative E. coli 21 (18.2%) and 18 (36%), Enterohemorrhagic E. coli 5 (4.34%) and 1 (2%) from flood and sporadic cases, respectively. Furthermore, patients co-infected with more than one pathotype were 26 (22.60%) and 3 (6%) from flood and sporadic cases, respectively. The study shows an unexpectedly high rate of isolation of E. coli pathotypes suggesting Pakistan as an endemic region that requires active surveillance particularly during flood periods