On Legendrian Embbeddings into Open Book Decompositions

We study Legendrian embeddings of a compact Legendrian submanifold $L$ sitting in a closed contact manifold $(M,\xi)$ whose contact structure is supported by a (contact) open book $\mathcal{OB}$ on $M$. We prove that if $\mathcal{OB}$ has Weinstein pages, then there exist a contact structure $\xi'$ on $M$, isotopic to $\xi$ and supported by $\mathcal{OB}$, and a contactomorphism $f:(M,\xi) \to (M,\xi')$ such that the image $f(L)$ of any such submanifold can be Legendrian isotoped so that it becomes disjoint from the closure of a page of $\mathcal{OB}$.Comment: 14 pages, 4 figures. Major corrections made. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1003.220

Effect of Sun, Oven and Freeze-Drying on Anthocyanins, Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Black Grape (Ekşikara) (Vitis vinifera L.)

The aim of this study was to determine whether a change occurs in the phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of grapes after drying. Grapes pre-treated with potassium hydroxide solution were dried using three different drying methods, namely freeze drying, oven drying and sun drying. The effectiveness of the drying methods was evaluated in terms of total phenolic content, antioxidant activity (ABTS, FRAP and DPPH), individual phenolics and anthocyanins. Losses in total phenolic content of the grapes were found to be 1.89, 20.26 and 46.79% for freeze-, oven- and sun-dried grapes respectively. The DPPH and ABTS antioxidant activities of the grapes decreased after drying by all three methods, while an increase was observed in the FRAP value of freeze-dried grapes compared to the fresh sample. No significant effect of drying methods was observed on the gallic acid, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate contents of the grapes. The highest levels of procyanidin B1, (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, (-)-epicatechin gallate, chlorogenic acid, trans-resveratrol and rutin were determined in freeze-dried grapes. Sun and oven drying caused drastic decreases in all anthocyanins, while no loss of anthocyanin was observed in freeze-dried grapes. Sun drying was found as the most detrimental drying method for grapes in terms of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity when compared to the other drying methods.

Analysis and optimization of DNA delivery into chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seedlings by Agrobacterium tumefacience

The main purpose of this study was to develop a non-tissue culture based Agrobacterium mediated transformation method for chickpea. The influences of several factors were investigated on the transferof -glucuronidase (GUS) gene into chickpea (Cicer arietinum) seedlings during the early stages of Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer, including cocultivation period in liquid induction medium (2, 8,16 and 24 h), strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens (C58C1, EHA105, KYRT1) containing the plasmid pTJK136, developmental stage (16 h imbibed and 40 h germinated), microwounding, vacuum infiltration(200, 400, 600 mmHg for 20 and 40 min) and genotype (5 different). The number of GUS-expressing foci was counted to evaluate the gene transfer process. The KYRT1/pTJK136 strain of A. tumefaciens wassignificantly more effective for transformation than the  58C1/pTJK136 and EHA105/pTJK136 strains. The highest transient GUS activity was obtained from 16  h imbibed seedlings of cv.Uzunlu woundedwith a needle and co-cultivated in liquid induction medium for 24 h with the KYRT1 strain (226 GUS foci/per explant)

Ultralow threshold laser action from toroidal polymer microcavity

Cataloged from PDF version of article.We report laser action from a toroidal microcavity coated with pi-conjugated polymer. An ultralow threshold value of similar to 200 pJ/pulse is achieved by free space excitation in ambient conditions. This is the lowest threshold energy obtained in microtoroid lasers by free space excitation. The effective refractive index of the polymer, extracted from Fourier analysis of emission spectra, is 1.787, which is very close to measured value of 1.790 indicating that laser modes are located around the circumference of the cavity as whispering gallery resonances

The Effect of Sloping the Grinder Body of the Meat-Mincer Machines on the Reduction of Microorganism and Chemical Residuals after Cleaning-A Newly Design

Hygiene is critical for human health, particularly in locations where industrial meat products are produced. One of the most common causes of contamination in the meat sector is meat grinders, which are notoriously difficult to clean. As a result, eliminating the water that has accumulated in the body is critical for the meat grinders%252339%253B hygiene. In the presented study the effect of tilting the neck region after grinder body washing on total bacterial growth, pH, and pathogens in a meat grinder functioning regularly in a workplace was investigated. The machine was cleaned, then set to the predetermined angle value and the sample was taken 5 minutes later. The machine was maintained at this angle value for 15 hours, then swab was taken before the morning began. swab samples were taken after cleaning and pre-production at 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 degrees slopes. When the results were combined, it was discovered that about 30%25 decrease in the overall number of bacteria was observed with a 30-degree tilt. Since there is no antigen in the neck region after the cleaning, there is no salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes. The pH level approached that of the cleaning water, eliminating the cleaning chemicals%252339%253B impact