English loanwords in Russian colloquial sppech: analysis of the attitude of Russian-speaking students of Narva College to English borrowings in social media

https://www.ester.ee/record=b552075

The assessment of anticancer activity of a prolonged drug form with 5-fluorouracil on the transplantable tumors

The aim of the research was to assess the influence of a prolonged drug form with 5-fluorouracil on the transplanted tumors. Materials and methods: there were used 20 grown mice of 2-3 months of the line C57BI/6 raised at the hatchery RAMS «Pushino». They used transplantable tumor strains: melanoma B16. They identified the average lifetime after the death of all the mice iri the groups, the mass and the size of the primary tumor. They calculated the percentage of the growth inhibition of the tumor and the increase of lifetime. They studied morphogenesis of the transplantable tumor under the local interaction of the prolonged chemodrug. Results: infusion of the drug (the next day after transplantation), in the experimental group with animals there were observed: the growth inhibition of the tumor redused by 68 %, the dicrease of tumor by 50%, increase of lifetime by 70 %, the reduction of the metastatic disease by 44%. During the microscopy the apoptosis index in the experimental group exceeded the spontaneous death rate of the tumor cells 8 times in comparison with a control group. The quantitative density of tumor cells reduced nearly by half than in a control group. The quantity of pathologic mitosis made up nearly 70%. Conclusion: so, the anticancer activity of a prolonged drug form with 5-fluorouracil on the transplantable tumours was revealed on the basis of the results of experiments and morphological research.Целью исследования явились оценка влияния пролонгированной лекарственной формы с 5-фторурацилом на перевивные опухоли. Материалы и методы: использованы 20 взрослых 2-3 месячных мышей линии С57В1/6 разводки питомника РАМН «Пущино». Использовали штаммы перевиваемых опухолей: меланома В16. Определяли среднюю продолжительность жизни после гибели всех мышей в группах, массу и размеры первичной опухоли. Вычисляли процент торможения роста опухоли и увеличение продолжительности жизни. Изучался морфогенез перевивной опухоли при локальном воздействии пролонгированного химиопрепарата. Результаты: установлено, при введении лекарственной формы (на следующий день после инокуляции), в экспериментальной группе животных наблюдались: торможение роста опухоли на 68%, уменьшение массы опухоли на 50%, увеличение продолжительности жизни на 70%, уменьшение частоты метастазирования на 44%, уменьшение количества метастазов на 50%. При микроскопическом исследовании апоптозный индекс в исследуемой группе почти в 8 раз превышал уровень спонтанной гибели опухолевых клеток в контрольной группе. Количественная плотность опухолевых клеток снизилась практически в 1,5 раза, чем в контроле. Количество патологических митозов составляло около 70%. Заключение: таким образом, по результатам экспериментов и морфологических исследований продемонстрирована противоопухолевая активность пролонгированной лекарственной формы с 5-фторурацилом в отношении перевивных опухолей

Monetary policy of the Federal Reserve of the USA during the Covid crisis and its impact on the American economy and business.

The objective of this paper is to examine and evaluate the monetary policy implemented by the Federal Reserve System of the United States during the covid crisis. The analysis includes an assessment of the rationale for the selection of specific monetary policy instruments and an evaluation of their impact on the economy as a whole and on the business sector. The theoretical part provides an introduction to monetary policy and focuses on its definitions, forms and instruments. The theoretical part of the thesis also includes an introduction to the organizational structure, objectives, and tools of the Federal Reserve System of the United States. The practical part of the study focuses on the analysis of the monetary policy of the Federal Reserve System of the United States in the period of the covid crisis and on the assessment of the development and use of the various monetary policy instruments. The analysis also includes an examination of the effects of the Fed's monetary policy on the US economy as a whole and through the evolution of the stock and debt markets. The last part of the paper will examine the impact of the Fed's monetary policy on the U.S. business sector. The given hypotheses have been examined on the basis of secondary data, which were further processed according to the specified objectives and hypotheses.Cílem této práce je prozkoumat měnovou politiku prováděnou Federálním rezervním systémem USA vdobě covidové krize a následně zhodnotit její účinnost z krátkodobého i dlouhodobého hlediska. Analýza zahrnuje posouzení důvodů pro výběr konkrétních nástrojů měnové politiky a hodnocení jejich dopadů na celou ekonomiku i na podnikatelský sektor. Teoretická část obsahuje úvod do problematiky měnové politiky a zaměřuje se na její definice, formy a nástroje. Teoretická část práce také zahrnuje úvod do organizační struktury, cílů a nástrojů Federálního rezervního systému USA. Praktická část studie se zaměřuje na analýzu měnové politiky Federálního rezervního systému USA v období covidové krize a na hodnocení vývoje a využívání jednotlivých nástrojů měnové politiky. Součástí analýzy je také zkoumání dopadů měnové politiky Fedu na americkou ekonomiku celkem a skrze vývoj akciového a dluhového trhu. V poslední části se práce zaměří na zkoumání dopadů měnové politiky Fedu na podnikatelský sektor USA. Stanovené hypotézy jsou zkoumány na základě sekundárních dat, která byla dále podle určených cílů a hypotéz zpracovávána

Metrological Skills Development of Technical University Students in a Digital Educational Resource with a Smart Laboratory

The relevance of the current problem study is due to the intensive development of digital education using online access. It is becoming more and more in demand, especially in the situation of the world quarantine, when obtaining an educational result is formed in conditions of remote access. Metrological skills of technical university students are structure-forming in the professional competencies of a future engineer. Thus, their development in the conditions of the modern university educational environment should be organized taking into account the constantly changing tasks of engineering activity and the conditions for its implementation. The purpose of this article is to present approaches to the development of a digital educational resource with a built-in smart laboratory for remote access. This digital resource is focused on the development of the metrological skills of students. The authors present the results of its approbation in the course of teaching students at the Kazan National Research Technical University named after A.N. Tupolev while training them as engineering and technical personnel. The basic method in the work was the design of an online training course "Metrology and radio measurements" based on a virtual laboratory platform, including testing and assessment of the level of students' metrological skills (with a diagnostic map). As a result of the research, a virtual laboratory site was created, based on logical and object-oriented approaches. When using a virtual laboratory platform, a monitoring system for assessing the development of metrological skills was applied, which showed the effectiveness of using a smart laboratory in a digital course aimed at the development of students' metrological skills. This allowed me to start work on the development of theoretical and methodological support for the virtual laboratory site, taking into account its flexibility and ability to integrate it with other measuring sites

Fuel - bitumen option of processing of natural bitumens and high-viscous oils

© 2019, Institute of Advanced Scientific Research, Inc.. All rights reserved. Natural bitumens are, to varying degrees, oxidized, highly viscous, liquid, semi-liquid, and solid oils with a high content of sulfur, oils, resins, and asphaltenes. Unlike oil, they have a higher content of vanadium, nickel, molybdenum and a significantly lower content of gasoline and diesel fractions. Due to its specific properties-strength, thermoplasticity, waterproofness, resistance to atmospheric agents and aggressive environments, poor conductivity of electricity, heat, etc., natural bitumen, as well as artificial bitumen, can be used as anti-corrosion coatings, electrical insulation materials, protection against radioactive radiation, the creation of asphalt barriers to retain moisture in soils, etc. Subject to the foregoing, it is advisable to use tars of heavy oils of a naphthenoaromatic base with a low content of n-paraffins, mainly up to 2% wt., as a raw material for the production of bitumen. This is because the dispersed structure of bitumen significantly depends on the content of n-paraffins since at certain temperatures the dispersed phase in oils is formed by naphthenic and paraffin-naphthenic aromatic hydrocarbons with side chains of the paraffin series. When their content exceeds 3% wt. a crystallization framework of paraffin forms, imparting rigidity to the system and reducing the ductility interval. In this regard, the expansion of the raw material base of bitumen production through the involvement of high-viscosity oils and natural bitumen (HVO and NB) confirms the relevance of the research topic.To assess the potential of HVO and NB, as well as simple oils, it is necessary to conduct thorough studies to determine the curves of the dependence of the true temperature curve (TTC), density, sulfur content, low-temperature and viscosity properties, fractional and hydrocarbon compositions

Fuel - bitumen option of processing of natural bitumens and high-viscous oils

© 2019, Institute of Advanced Scientific Research, Inc.. All rights reserved. Natural bitumens are, to varying degrees, oxidized, highly viscous, liquid, semi-liquid, and solid oils with a high content of sulfur, oils, resins, and asphaltenes. Unlike oil, they have a higher content of vanadium, nickel, molybdenum and a significantly lower content of gasoline and diesel fractions. Due to its specific properties-strength, thermoplasticity, waterproofness, resistance to atmospheric agents and aggressive environments, poor conductivity of electricity, heat, etc., natural bitumen, as well as artificial bitumen, can be used as anti-corrosion coatings, electrical insulation materials, protection against radioactive radiation, the creation of asphalt barriers to retain moisture in soils, etc. Subject to the foregoing, it is advisable to use tars of heavy oils of a naphthenoaromatic base with a low content of n-paraffins, mainly up to 2% wt., as a raw material for the production of bitumen. This is because the dispersed structure of bitumen significantly depends on the content of n-paraffins since at certain temperatures the dispersed phase in oils is formed by naphthenic and paraffin-naphthenic aromatic hydrocarbons with side chains of the paraffin series. When their content exceeds 3% wt. a crystallization framework of paraffin forms, imparting rigidity to the system and reducing the ductility interval. In this regard, the expansion of the raw material base of bitumen production through the involvement of high-viscosity oils and natural bitumen (HVO and NB) confirms the relevance of the research topic.To assess the potential of HVO and NB, as well as simple oils, it is necessary to conduct thorough studies to determine the curves of the dependence of the true temperature curve (TTC), density, sulfur content, low-temperature and viscosity properties, fractional and hydrocarbon compositions

Patients with Crohn's disease have longer post-operative in-hospital stay than patients with colon cancer but no difference in complications' rate

BACKGROUNDRight hemicolectomy or ileocecal resection are used to treat benign conditions like Crohn's disease (CD) and malignant ones like colon cancer (CC).AIMTo investigate differences in pre- and peri-operative factors and their impact on post-operative outcome in patients with CC and CD.METHODSThis is a sub-group analysis of the European Society of Coloproctology's prospective, multi-centre snapshot audit. Adult patients with CC and CD undergoing right hemicolectomy or ileocecal resection were included. Primary outcome measure was 30-d post-operative complications. Secondary outcome measures were post-operative length of stay (LOS) at and readmission.RESULTSThree hundred and seventy-five patients with CD and 2,515 patients with CC were included. Patients with CD were younger (median = 37 years for CD and 71 years for CC (P < 0.01), had lower American Society of Anesthesiology score (ASA) grade (P < 0.01) and less comorbidity (P < 0.01), but were more likely to be current smokers (P < 0.01). Patients with CD were more frequently operated on by colorectal surgeons (P < 0.01) and frequently underwent ileocecal resection (P < 0.01) with higher rate of de-functioning/primary stoma construction (P < 0.01). Thirty-day post-operative mortality occurred exclusively in the CC group (66/2515, 2.3%). In multivariate analyses, the risk of post-operative complications was similar in the two groups (OR 0.80, 95%CI: 0.54-1.17; P = 0.25). Patients with CD had a significantly longer LOS (Geometric mean 0.87, 95%CI: 0.79-0.95; P < 0.01). There was no difference in re-admission rates. The audit did not collect data on post-operative enhanced recovery protocols that are implemented in the different participating centers.CONCLUSIONPatients with CD were younger, with lower ASA grade, less comorbidity, operated on by experienced surgeons and underwent less radical resection but had a longer LOS than patients with CC although complication's rate was not different between the two groups

An international assessment of the adoption of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS®) principles across colorectal units in 2019–2020

Aim: The Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) Society guidelines aim to standardize perioperative care in colorectal surgery via 25 principles. We aimed to assess the variation in uptake of these principles across an international network of colorectal units. Method: An online survey was circulated amongst European Society of Coloproctology members in 2019–2020. For each ERAS principle, respondents were asked to score how frequently the principle was implemented in their hospital, from 1 (‘rarely’) to 4 (‘always’). Respondents were also asked to recall whether practice had changed since 2017. Subgroup analyses based on hospital characteristics were conducted. Results: Of hospitals approached, 58% responded to the survey (195/335), with 296 individual responses (multiple responses were received from some hospitals). The majority were European (163/195, 83.6%). Overall, respondents indicated they ‘most often’ or ‘always’ adhered to most individual ERAS principles (18/25, 72%). Variability in the uptake of principles was reported, with universal uptake of some principles (e.g., prophylactic antibiotics; early mobilization) and inconsistency from ‘rarely’ to ‘always’ in others (e.g., no nasogastric intubation; no preoperative fasting and carbohydrate drinks). In alignment with 2018 ERAS guideline updates, adherence to principles for prehabilitation, managing anaemia and postoperative nutrition appears to have increased since 2017. Conclusions: Uptake of ERAS principles varied across hospitals, and not all 25 principles were equally adhered to. Whilst some principles exhibited a high level of acceptance, others had a wide variability in uptake indicative of controversy or barriers to uptake. Further research into specific principles is required to improve ERAS implementation

An international assessment of the adoption of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS®) principles across colorectal units in 2019–2020

Aim: The Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) Society guidelines aim to standardize perioperative care in colorectal surgery via 25 principles. We aimed to assess the variation in uptake of these principles across an international network of colorectal units. Method: An online survey was circulated amongst European Society of Coloproctology members in 2019–2020. For each ERAS principle, respondents were asked to score how frequently the principle was implemented in their hospital, from 1 (‘rarely’) to 4 (‘always’). Respondents were also asked to recall whether practice had changed since 2017. Subgroup analyses based on hospital characteristics were conducted. Results: Of hospitals approached, 58% responded to the survey (195/335), with 296 individual responses (multiple responses were received from some hospitals). The majority were European (163/195, 83.6%). Overall, respondents indicated they ‘most often’ or ‘always’ adhered to most individual ERAS principles (18/25, 72%). Variability in the uptake of principles was reported, with universal uptake of some principles (e.g., prophylactic antibiotics; early mobilization) and inconsistency from ‘rarely’ to ‘always’ in others (e.g., no nasogastric intubation; no preoperative fasting and carbohydrate drinks). In alignment with 2018 ERAS guideline updates, adherence to principles for prehabilitation, managing anaemia and postoperative nutrition appears to have increased since 2017. Conclusions: Uptake of ERAS principles varied across hospitals, and not all 25 principles were equally adhered to. Whilst some principles exhibited a high level of acceptance, others had a wide variability in uptake indicative of controversy or barriers to uptake. Further research into specific principles is required to improve ERAS implementation

An international assessment of the adoption of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS®) principles across colorectal units in 2019–2020

AimThe Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) Society guidelines aim to standardize perioperative care in colorectal surgery via 25 principles. We aimed to assess the variation in uptake of these principles across an international network of colorectal units.MethodAn online survey was circulated amongst European Society of Coloproctology members in 2019–2020. For each ERAS principle, respondents were asked to score how frequently the principle was implemented in their hospital, from 1 (‘rarely’) to 4 (‘always’). Respondents were also asked to recall whether practice had changed since 2017. Subgroup analyses based on hospital characteristics were conducted.ResultsOf hospitals approached, 58% responded to the survey (195/335), with 296 individual responses (multiple responses were received from some hospitals). The majority were European (163/195, 83.6%). Overall, respondents indicated they ‘most often’ or ‘always’ adhered to most individual ERAS principles (18/25, 72%). Variability in the uptake of principles was reported, with universal uptake of some principles (e.g., prophylactic antibiotics; early mobilization) and inconsistency from ‘rarely’ to ‘always’ in others (e.g., no nasogastric intubation; no preoperative fasting and carbohydrate drinks). In alignment with 2018 ERAS guideline updates, adherence to principles for prehabilitation, managing anaemia and postoperative nutrition appears to have increased since 2017.ConclusionsUptake of ERAS principles varied across hospitals, and not all 25 principles were equally adhered to. Whilst some principles exhibited a high level of acceptance, others had a wide variability in uptake indicative of controversy or barriers to uptake. Further research into specific principles is required to improve ERAS implementation.AimThe Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) Society guidelines aim to standardize perioperative care in colorectal surgery via 25 principles. We aimed to assess the variation in uptake of these principles across an international network of colorectal units.MethodAn online survey was circulated amongst European Society of Coloproctology members in 2019–2020. For each ERAS principle, respondents were asked to score how frequently the principle was implemented in their hospital, from 1 (‘rarely’) to 4 (‘always’). Respondents were also asked to recall whether practice had changed since 2017. Subgroup analyses based on hospital characteristics were conducted.ResultsOf hospitals approached, 58% responded to the survey (195/335), with 296 individual responses (multiple responses were received from some hospitals). The majority were European (163/195, 83.6%). Overall, respondents indicated they ‘most often’ or ‘always’ adhered to most individual ERAS principles (18/25, 72%). Variability in the uptake of principles was reported, with universal uptake of some principles (e.g., prophylactic antibiotics; early mobilization) and inconsistency from ‘rarely’ to ‘always’ in others (e.g., no nasogastric intubation; no preoperative fasting and carbohydrate drinks). In alignment with 2018 ERAS guideline updates, adherence to principles for prehabilitation, managing anaemia and postoperative nutrition appears to have increased since 2017.ConclusionsUptake of ERAS principles varied across hospitals, and not all 25 principles were equally adhered to. Whilst some principles exhibited a high level of acceptance, others had a wide variability in uptake indicative of controversy or barriers to uptake. Further research into specific principles is required to improve ERAS implementation.A