Calorimetric Study Of Intercalation Of N-alkyldiamines Into α-titanium Hydrogenphosphate

A series of n-alkyldiamines of general formula H2N(CH2)nNH2 (n = 2-9) has been intercalated into the crystalline lamellar compound α-Ti(HPO4)2·H2O (TiP) from aqueous solution. The amount intercalated was followed batchwise at 298 ± 1 K and the variation of the original interlayer distance for TiP (756 pm) was followed by X-ray powder diffraction. Linear correlations with good fits were obtained for the interlamellar distance (d) or for the number of moles intercalated (nint) as a function of the number of carbon atoms in the aliphatic chain (nc): d =(883.14 ± 12.76) + (108.51 ± 2.20)nc and nint =(5.79 ± 0.12) - (0.28 ± 0.02)nc. The exothermic enthalpies for the intercalation are related to the monomolecular layer arrangement with a longitudinal axis inclined by 58° to the inorganic sheets. The enthalpies for the overall reaction 2O3P-OH(c) + H2N(CH2)nNH2(c, l) = O3P - O-+H3N(CH2)nNH3+-O - PO3(c); ΔintH, determined by reaction-solution calorimetry at 298.15 ± 0.02 K are correlated with the number of carbons in the aliphatic chain or the interlamellar distance, by the equations Δint H= -(56.16 ± 0.67)-(2.06 ± 0.12)nC and ΔintH = -(39.41 ± 1.41)-(1.80 × 10-2 ± 0.10 × 10-2)d. The enthalpic value for nc = 0 gave -56.17 ± 0.67 kJ mol-1 which corresponds to the intercalation of two moles of ammonium cation.61219631966Alberti, G., Galli, P.C., Costantino, U., Torracca, E., (1967) J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 29, p. 571Clearfield, A., (1982) Inorganic Ion Exchange Materials, , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FLSuárez, M., Garcia, J.R., Rodriguez, J., (1984) J. Phys. Chem., 88, p. 159Alberti, G., Casciola, M., Costantino, U., (1985) J. Colloid Interface Sci., 107, p. 25

Stochastic blockmodels with growing number of classes

We present asymptotic and finite-sample results on the use of stochastic blockmodels for the analysis of network data. We show that the fraction of misclassified network nodes converges in probability to zero under maximum likelihood fitting when the number of classes is allowed to grow as the root of the network size and the average network degree grows at least poly-logarithmically in this size. We also establish finite-sample confidence bounds on maximum-likelihood blockmodel parameter estimates from data comprising independent Bernoulli random variates; these results hold uniformly over class assignment. We provide simulations verifying the conditions sufficient for our results, and conclude by fitting a logit parameterization of a stochastic blockmodel with covariates to a network data example comprising a collection of Facebook profiles, resulting in block estimates that reveal residual structure.Comment: 12 pages, 3 figures; revised versio

Recovering a lost baseline: missing kelp forests from a metropolitan coast

© 2008 AuthorThere is concern about historical and continuing loss of canopy-forming algae across the world’s temperate coastline. In South Australia, the sparse cover of canopy-forming algae on the Adelaide metropolitan coast has been of public concern with continuous years of anecdotal evidence culminating in 2 competing views. One view considers that current patterns existed before the onset of urbanisation, whereas the alternate view is that they developed after urbanisation. We tested hypotheses to distinguish between these 2 models, each centred on the reconstruction of historical covers of canopies on the metropolitan coast. Historically, the metropolitan sites were indistinguishable from contemporary populations of reference sites across 70 km (i.e. Gulf St. Vincent), and could also represent a random subset of exposed coastal sites across 2100 km of the greater biogeographic province. Thus there was nothing ‘special’ about the metropolitan sites historically, but today they stand out because they have sparser covers of canopies compared to equivalent locations and times in the gulf and the greater province. This is evidence of wholesale loss of canopy-forming algae (up to 70%) on parts of the Adelaide metropolitan coast since major urbanisation. These findings not only set a research agenda based on the magnitude of loss, but they also bring into question the logic that smaller metropolitan populations of humans create impacts that are trivial relative to that of larger metropolitan centres. Instead, we highlight a need to recognise the ecological context that makes some coastal systems more vulnerable or resistant to increasing human-domination of the world’s coastlines. We discuss challenges to this kind of research that receive little ecological discussion, particularly better leadership and administration, recognising that the systems we study out-live the life spans of individual research groups and operate on spatial scales that exceed the capacity of single research providers.Sean D. Connell, Bayden D. Russell, David J. Turner, Scoresby A. Shepherd, Timothy Kildea, David Miller, Laura Airoldi, Anthony Cheshir

NAZIONE IN PATRIA. GLI EBREI ITALIANI E LA SFIDA DELL'IDENTITÀ (1918-1938)

The dissertation deals with the confrontation of Italian Zionism with the question of identity between 1918 and 1938. During that period the semantics of the Italian nation narrowed for Italian Jews as consequence of the raise and the consolidation of the fascist regime, while, on the other hand, the semantics of the Jewish nation enlarged, mainly as a result of the growth and the internal differentiation of the Zionist movement. In the dissertation light is shed on the effort made by Zionism to redefine and to rejuvinate the Jewish identity through a form of nationalism which acted in two complementary directions: reinforcing the Jewish belonging and confirming the patriotism of Italian Jews. The work couples two methodological approaches: a general one, with an overview on the Zionist debate on the meaning of Jewish identity, and a particular one, focusing on thepolitical reflection and the historical experience of two prominent Zionist thinkers, Enzo Sereni and Alfonso Pacifici, who resolved their anxieties by emigration in the Land of Israel

NAZIONE IN PATRIA. GLI EBREI ITALIANI E LA SFIDA DELL'IDENTITÀ (1918-1938)

The dissertation deals with the confrontation of Italian Zionism with the question of identity between 1918 and 1938. During that period the semantics of the Italian nation narrowed for Italian Jews as consequence of the raise and the consolidation of the fascist regime, while, on the other hand, the semantics of the Jewish nation enlarged, mainly as a result of the growth and the internal differentiation of the Zionist movement. In the dissertation light is shed on the effort made by Zionism to redefine and to rejuvinate the Jewish identity through a form of nationalism which acted in two complementary directions: reinforcing the Jewish belonging and confirming the patriotism of Italian Jews. The work couples two methodological approaches: a general one, with an overview on the Zionist debate on the meaning of Jewish identity, and a particular one, focusing on thepolitical reflection and the historical experience of two prominent Zionist thinkers, Enzo Sereni and Alfonso Pacifici, who resolved their anxieties by emigration in the Land of Israel

Decrease in water clarity of the southern and central North Sea during the 20th century

Light in the marine environment is a key environmental variable coupling physics to marine biogeochemistry and ecology. Weak light penetration reduces light available for photosynthesis, changing energy fluxes through the marine food web. Based on published and unpublished data, this study shows that the central and southern North Sea has become significantly less clear over the second half of the 20th century. In particular, in the different regions and seasons investigated, the average Secchi depth pre-1950 decreased between 25% and 75% compared to the average Secchi depth post-1950. Consequently, in summer pre-1950, most (74%) of the sea floor in the permanently mixed area off East Anglia was within the photic zone. For the last 25+ years, changes in water clarity were more likely driven by an increase in the concentration of suspended sediments, rather than phytoplankton. We suggest that a combination of causes have contributed to this increase in suspended sediments such as changes in sea-bed communities and in weather patterns, decreased sink of sediments in estuaries, and increased coastal erosion. A predicted future increase in storminess (Beniston et al., 2007; Kovats et al., 2014) could enhance the concentration of suspended sediments in the water column and consequently lead to a further decrease in clarity, with potential impacts on phytoplankton production, CO2 fluxes, and fishery production

Stochastic blockmodels and community structure in networks

Stochastic blockmodels have been proposed as a tool for detecting community structure in networks as well as for generating synthetic networks for use as benchmarks. Most blockmodels, however, ignore variation in vertex degree, making them unsuitable for applications to real-world networks, which typically display broad degree distributions that can significantly distort the results. Here we demonstrate how the generalization of blockmodels to incorporate this missing element leads to an improved objective function for community detection in complex networks. We also propose a heuristic algorithm for community detection using this objective function or its non-degree-corrected counterpart and show that the degree-corrected version dramatically outperforms the uncorrected one in both real-world and synthetic networks.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figure

A Spectral Algorithm with Additive Clustering for the Recovery of Overlapping Communities in Networks

This paper presents a novel spectral algorithm with additive clustering designed to identify overlapping communities in networks. The algorithm is based on geometric properties of the spectrum of the expected adjacency matrix in a random graph model that we call stochastic blockmodel with overlap (SBMO). An adaptive version of the algorithm, that does not require the knowledge of the number of hidden communities, is proved to be consistent under the SBMO when the degrees in the graph are (slightly more than) logarithmic. The algorithm is shown to perform well on simulated data and on real-world graphs with known overlapping communities.Comment: Journal of Theoretical Computer Science (TCS), Elsevier, A Para\^itr