548 research outputs found

    A modification of the mixed form of Richards equation and its application in vertically inhomogeneous soils

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    Recently, new soil data maps were developed, which include vertical soil properties like soil type. Implementing those into a multilayer Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere-Transfer (SVAT) scheme, discontinuities in the water content occur at the interface between dissimilar soils. Therefore, care must be taken in solving the Richards equation for calculating vertical soil water fluxes. We solve a modified form of the mixed (soil water and soil matric potential based) Richards equation by subtracting the equilibrium state of soil matrix potential ψE from the hydraulic potential ψh. The sensitivity of the modified equation is tested under idealized conditions. The paper will show that the modified equation can handle with discontinuities in soil water content at the interface of layered soils

    Ultrafast IR spectroscopy of photo-induced electron transfer in self-assembled donor-acceptor coordination cages.

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    Photo-induced processes in self-assembled coordination cages were studied by femtosecond infrared pump-probe spectroscopy. Densely packed, interpenetrated double cages were constructed from eight bis-monodentate redoxactive ligands bound to four Pd(ii) nodes. Two types of ligands consisting of electron rich phenothiazine (PTZ) or electron deficient anthraquinone (ANQ) chromophores were used to assemble either homo-octameric or mixed-ligand cages. Upon photoexcitation the homo-octameric acceptor cage undergoes intersystem crossing to a long-lived triplet state, similar to the free acceptor ligand. Excitation of the free donor ligand leads to a fluorescent state with intramolecular charge transfer character. This fluorescence is completely quenched in the homo-octameric donor double cage due to a ligand-to-metal charge transfer followed by back electron transfer on a ps timescale. Only for the mixed-ligand cage irradiation produces a charge separated state with an oxidized PTZ radical cation and a reduced ANQ radical anion as proven by their vibrational fingerprints in the transient IR spectra. In dichloromethane the lifetime of this charge separated state extends from tens of ps to >1.5 ns which is attributed to the broad distribution of mixed-ligand cages with different stoichiometry and/or stereo configurations

    Bestimmung des atmosphĂ€rischen Konvektionspotentials ĂŒber ThĂŒringen

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    Im Rahmen einer Zusammenarbeit zwischen der ThĂŒringer Landesanstalt fĂŒr Umwelt und Geologie (TLUG) und der Goethe-UniversitĂ€t Frankfurt (GUF) fand in Kooperation mit dem Deutschen Wetterdienst (DWD) eine umfassende Studie zum konvektiven Unwetterpotential ĂŒber ThĂŒringen statt. Unwetterereignisse, die durch konvektive Prozesse in der AtmosphĂ€re verursacht werden, besitzen ein nicht unerhebliches Schadenspotential, obwohl sie oftmals eine rĂ€umlich eng begrenzte Ausdehnung aufweisen. Aufgrund ihrer Charakteristik ist sowohl die Vorhersage solcher Ereignisse, als auch eine vollstĂ€ndige, systematische Erfassung fĂŒr eine detaillierte Auswertung lĂ€ngerer Zeitreihen noch immer eine Herausforderung. ZusĂ€tzliches Interesse besteht in der AbschĂ€tzung der durch den Klimawandel abhĂ€ngigen Entwicklung des zukĂŒnftigen GefĂ€hrdungspotentials konvektiver Unwetter. FĂŒr eine gezielte Untersuchung des Themenkomplexes ist eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Daten und Methoden verwendet worden. Mit Hilfe von FernerkundungsdatensĂ€tzen wird ein rĂ€umlich differenziertes GefĂ€hrdungspotential ĂŒber ThĂŒringen nachgewiesen. Bedingt durch das Relief ist das Auftreten von Konvektion am hĂ€ufigsten und intensivsten ĂŒber dem sĂŒdlichen ThĂŒringer Wald und dessen Ostrand zu beobachten, wĂ€hrend NordthĂŒringen eine deutlich geringere AktivitĂ€t solcher Unwetterereignisse aufweist. Eine AbschĂ€tzung mittels globaler Klimamodelle und daraus abgeleiteten Wetterlagen zeigt unter BerĂŒcksichtigung des RCP8.5 Klimaszenarios fĂŒr die nahe Zukunft (2016-2045) eine Zunahme des GefĂ€hrdungspotentials durch konvektive Unwetter. Aufgrund des Anstiegs feuchter Wetterlagen (49 % auf 82 %) erhöht sich die Zunahme der GefĂ€hrdung fĂŒr den Zeitraum 2071-2100 noch deutlicher. Im Vergleich zu diesem statistischen Ansatz nimmt die projizierte GefĂ€hrdung durch extreme Ereignisse erheblich zu (Faktor 6), wenn die Ergebnisse expliziter Simulationen konvektiver Ereignisse mit einem regionalen Klimamodell (mit horizontaler Gitterdistanz von 1 km) und eine Zunahme der Tage mit konvektiven Extremereignissen berĂŒcksichtigt werden. Ein Anstieg der GefĂ€hrdung durch konvektive Unwetter in der Zukunft ist wahrscheinlich. Eine Quantifizierung bleibt jedoch unsicher

    Ferkelverluste verringern: Auswirkungen einer verlÀngerten SÀugezeit auf die Konstitution der Aufzuchtferkel

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    Auf Grund der Vorgaben der EU-Öko-Verordnung werden Ferkel in der ökologischen Ferkelerzeugung in der Regel mit 6 Wochen abgesetzt. Dies geht in vielen FĂ€llen mit einem verminderten Gesundheits- und Leistungsstatus einher, da sich zu diesem Zeitpunkt Ferkel in einer Ă€ußerst sensiblen physiologischen Phase befinden. Im vorliegenden Versuch sollte ĂŒberprĂŒft werden, ob die durch einen spĂ€teren Absetzzeitpunkt Ă€lteren Ferkel den Belastungen rund um das Absetzen besser gewachsen sind, und sich durch bessere produktionstechnisch-biologische Leistungen (Modul 1) sowie einen besseren Immunstatus (Modul 2) auszeichnen. Dazu wurden auf dem Versuchsbetrieb Wulmenau des Instituts fĂŒr ökologischen Landbau 36 Sauen auf 2 Verfahren (Kontrolle: 42 Tage SĂ€ugezeit; Versuch: 63 Tage SĂ€ugezeit) mit je 18 Tieren aufgeteilt. Der dritte und letzte Durchgang endete im Sommer 2007. Im Modul 1 wurden insgesamt 3 Wurfnummern mit 108 WĂŒrfen von 36 Sauen mit zusammen mehr als 1400 Ferkeln ausgewertet. Es zeigte sich, dass die lĂ€nger gesĂ€ugten Ferkel signifikant bessere produktionstechnische Leistungsdaten und signifikant verringerte Behandlungsinzidenzen aufwiesen, die Abgangsraten sich aber nicht statistisch gesichert unterschieden. Auf die Kondition der Sauen und den Zustand der GesĂ€ugeleiste hatte die verlĂ€ngerte SĂ€ugezeit keinerlei negative Auswirkungen. Das Modul 2 umfasste die Wurfnum-mern 2 und 3 mit 72 WĂŒrfen von 36 Sauen mit einer Stichprobe von 576 Ferkeln (8 Ferkel/Wurf). Es wurden die Ferkel zu unterschiedlichen Zeitpunkten mit einem ihnen „bekannten“ Antigen (durch Muttertier-Vakzinierung und passiven Transfer ĂŒber die Sauenmilch) und mit einem ihnen „unbekannten“ Antigen vakziniert. Im Plasma wurden mittels ELISA die Konzentration von Immunglobulin G (IgG) sowie die antigenspezifischen IgG-Antikörper gemessen. Die Untersuchungen des Moduls 2 ergaben keinen besseren Immunstatus fĂŒr die spĂ€ter abgesetzten Ferkel. Trotzdem erscheint eine VerlĂ€ngerung der SĂ€ugezeit ĂŒber die Mindestvorgabe von 40 Tagen hinaus empfehlenswert

    Identification of Pesticide Transformation Products in Surface Water Using Suspect Screening Combined with National Monitoring Data

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    Pesticides are widespread anthropogenic chemicals and well-known environmental contaminants of concern. Much less is known about transformation products (TPs) of pesticides and their presence in the environment. We developed a novel suspect screening approach for not well-explored pesticides (n = 16) and pesticide TPs (n = 242) by integrating knowledge from national monitoring with high-resolution mass spectrometry data. Weekly time-integrated samples were collected in two Swedish agricultural streams using the novel Time-Integrating, MicroFlow, In-line Extraction (TIMFIE) sampler. The integration of national monitoring data in the screening approach increased the number of prioritized compounds approximately twofold (from 23 to 42). Ultimately, 11 pesticide TPs were confirmed by reference standards and 12 TPs were considered tentatively identified with varying levels of confidence. Semiquantification of the newly confirmed TPs indicated higher concentrations than their corresponding parent pesticides in some cases, which highlights concerns related to (unknown) pesticide TPs in the environment. Some TPs were present in the environment without co-occurrence of their corresponding parent compounds, indicating higher persistency or mobility of the identified TPs. This study showcased the benefits of integrating monitoring knowledge in this type of studies, with advantages for suspect screening performance and the possibility to increase relevance of future monitoring programs

    Relativistic nuclear structure effects in quasielastic neutrino scattering

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    Charged-current cross sections are calculated for quasielastic neutrino and antineutrino scattering using a relativistic meson-nucleon model. We examine how nuclear-structure effects, such as relativistic random-phase-approximation (RPA) corrections and momentum-dependent nucleon self-energies, influence the extraction of the axial form factor of the nucleon. RPA corrections are important only at low-momentum transfers. In contrast, the momentum dependence of the relativistic self-energies changes appreciably the value of the axial-mass parameter, MAM_A, extracted from dipole fits to the axial form factor. Using Brookhaven's experimental neutrino spectrum we estimate the sensitivity of MA_A to various relativistic nuclear-structure effects.Comment: 26 pages, revtex, 6 postscript figures (available upon request

    Enhancing spectral quality in complex environmental matrices: Supporting suspect and non-target screening in zebra mussels with ion mobility

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    Identification of bioaccumulating contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) via suspect and non-target screening remains a challenging task. In this study, ion mobility separation with high-resolution mass spectrometry (IM-HRMS) was used to investigate the effects of drift time (DT) alignment on spectrum quality and peak annotation for screening of CECs in complex sample matrices using data independent acquisition (DIA). Data treatment approaches (Binary Sample Comparison) and prioritisation strategies (Halogen Match, co-occurrence of features in biota and the water phase) were explored in a case study on zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in Lake Ma center dot laren, Sweden's largest drinking water reservoir. DT alignment evidently improved the fragment spectrum quality by increasing the similarity score to reference spectra from on average (+/- standard deviation) 0.33 +/- 0.31 to 0.64 +/- 0.30 points, thus positively influencing structure elucidation efforts. Thirty-two features were tenta-tively identified at confidence level 3 or higher using MetFrag coupled with the new PubChemLite database, which included predicted collision cross-section values from CCSbase. The implementation of predicted mobility data was found to support compound annotation. This study illustrates a quantitative assessment of the benefits of IM-HRMS on spectral quality, which will enhance the performance of future screening studies of CECs in complex environmental matrices

    Novel technique for supernova detection with IceCube

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    The current supernova detection technique used in IceCube relies on the sudden deviation of the summed photomultiplier noise rate from its nominal value during the neutrino burst, making IceCube a ≈3\approx 3 Megaton effective detection volume - class supernova detector. While galactic supernovae can be resolved with this technique, the supernova neutrino emission spectrum remains unconstrained and thus presents a limited potential for the topics related to supernova core collapse models. The paper elaborates analytically on the capabilities of IceCube to detect supernovae through the analysis of hits in the detector correlated in space and time. These arise from supernova neutrinos interacting in the instrumented detector volume along single strings. Although the effective detection volume for such coincidental hits is much smaller (≳35 \gtrsim 35\,kton, about the scale of SuperK), a wealth of information is obtained due to the comparatively low coincidental noise rate. We demonstrate that a neutrino flux from a core collapse supernova will produce a signature enabling the resolution of rough spectral features and, in the case of a strong signal, providing indication on its location. We further discuss the enhanced potential of a rather modest detector extension, a denser array in the center of IceCube, within our one dimensional analytic calculation framework. Such an extension would enable the exploration of the neutrino sky above a few GeV and the detection of supernovae up to a few 100's of kilo parsec. However, a 3−4 3-4\,Mpc detection distance, necessary for routine supernova detection, demands a significant increase of the effective detection volume and can be obtained only with a more ambitious instrument, particularly the boosting of sensor parameters such as the quantum efficiency and light collection area.Comment: 12 p., 10 fi

    Flavor content of nucleon form factors in the space- and time-like region

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    I discuss a two-component model of nucleon form factors in which the external photon couples both to an intrinsic three-quark structure and to a meson cloud via vector-meson dominance, and present a simultaneous analysis of the electromagnetic form factors of the nucleon in the space- and time-like regions as well as their strangeness content.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures, invited talk at FB18, Santos, Brazil, August 21-26, 200
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