Habitudes Alimentaires Liees A La Survenue De La Maladie Hemorroïdaire Chez Les Ivoiriens

A study was conducted in order to search for food habits related to the occurrence of hemorrhoid disease in humans, through a transversal and descriptive survey including 414 students of Université Félix Houphouët- Boigny (UFHB) of Côte d’Ivoire. Respondents had diverse diets in which it was found the six groups of food, as described by Nicolet and Mautrait (1995). Additionally, spiced and exciting products were associated to this study. Hemorrhoid disease was diagnosed by anal examination, and the numeration of the blood formula was determined by a numerator spectrophotometer. Results revealed that 262 respondents (63.28 %) suffered from digestive disorders. Among them, 168 (64.12 %) had hemorrhoid disease. These ones used to eat, more than 3 times per week, red meat (beef, lamb, goat, pork). However, results of blood analysis showed that cases of hemorrhoid disease were neither associated with anemia nor infection (P≥0.05). These results demonstrate, for the first time to our knowledge in Côte d’Ivoire, a cause and effect relationship between diets rich in red meat and the occurrence of hemorrhoid disease (P≤0.05)

Prevalence and Spatial Distribution of Entamoeba histolytica/dispar and Giardia lamblia among Schoolchildren in Agboville Area (Côte d'Ivoire)

According to WHO, intestinal amoebiasis caused by Entamoeba histolytica is the third principal parasitic disease responsible for mortality in the world. This protozoal parasite infects approximately 180 million individuals throughout the world, among whom 40 to 110 thousand die from it each year. Giardiasis, caused by another protozoan parasite, Giardia lamblia, infects approximately 200 million individuals throughout the world, is a frequent cause of diarrhea in children, and can have negative impact on growth and development. Unfortunately, these intestinal protozoa are taken into account in few epidemiologic studies. The investigation we carried out to determine prevalence and spatial distribution of these infections shows the importance of these parasites in the Agboville department in southeast Cote d'Ivoire. Determination of spatial distribution of these parasites will help to focus delivery of chemotherapy in this area. In addition, our description of the relation of sources of drinking water with these parasitic infections will contribute to the development of an integrated treatment program for these parasites in this area of Côte d'Ivoire. This work will help make the population and political powers aware of the importance of these parasites and the need for safe drinking water in all localities of this area

In Vitro Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Contents of the Leaves of Olax subscorpioidea and Distemonanthus benthamianus

ABSTRACT Plants are sources of natural antioxidants and some of their compounds have significant antioxidant properties and health benefits. Olaxsubscorpioidea and Distemonanthusbenthamianus are used in folk medicine for the treatment of many diseases. This study was undertaken to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant potential and the phenolic contents of the aqueous and 70% ethanolic extracts of the leaves of these plants. The antioxidant activity and phenolic contents of the aqueous and 70 %ethanolic extracts of the leaves of O.subscorpioidea and D.benthamianus were evaluated using Spectrophotometric methods for the determination of total phenols, total flavonoids, flavonols and proanthocyanidins. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was determined by the 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, anti-lipid peroxidation, reducing power and ferrous chelating ability methods. The ethanolicextracts had the highest antioxidant activitiesand phenolic compoundslevels.D.benthamianusexhibited strong DPPH scavenging activity (IC 50 =10.87 ± 0.18),lipid peroxidation inhibition assay (IC 50 =0.97 ± 0.01 mg/mL),ferrous chelating assay (IC 50 =0.94 ± 0.02 mg/mL) added to its higher reducing power andphenolic contents (102.8±0.57 mg/g extract). Theantioxidant propertiesof these plants may explain their therapeutic activities. Our following work will explore the pharmacological potential of D. benthamianusethanolic extract

Sensibilité des Populations D’Aedes Aegypti des Zones Héveicoles de Dabou (Sud de la Côte d’Ivoire) aux Organophosphorés, aux Pyréthrinoïdes et au Bacillus Thuringiensis Israelensis

L’expansion de l’hévéaculture entraine une forte modification de l’environnement en Côte d’Ivoire. Aussi, plusieurs épidémies de dengue et de fièvre jaune dues Aedes aegypti ont récemment été observées en Côte d’Ivoire. Le profil de sensibilité aux insecticides d’Aedes aegypti dans ces zones d’agriculture de masse nécessitant une main d’œuvre importante est mal connu. Cette étude a établi le profil de sensibilité d’Aedes aegypti dans les zones de cultures d’hévéa de Dabou afin de mieux planifier les mesures de lutte contre le vecteur majeur des d’arbovirus. Des larves d'Aedes aegypti ont été échantillonnées en janvier 2018 dans des plantations immatures et matures d’hévéa, ainsi que dans les villages environnants aux plantations d’hévéa dans le département de Dabou. Des tests larvicides (Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis et téméphos) et adulticides (chlorpyriphos-méthyl 0.8%, malathion 0,1% et Fenitrithion 0,1%, perméthrine 0,75%, deltaméthrine 0,05%, lambdacyahalothrine 0,05%) en tube sur les générations F1 ont été réalisés conformément aux directives de l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS). Les 3743 larves d’Aedes aegypti testées ont été toutes sensibles aux deux larvicides avec des LC50 comprises entre 7.10-3 mg/L et 9.10-3 mg/L pour le Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis et entre 6,5.10-2 mg/L et 1,2.10-1 mg/L pour le téméphos. Les LC95 respectives étaient comprises entre 2,1.10-2 mg/L et 2,4.10-2 mg/L et entre 6,5.10-2 mg/L et 1,2.10-1 mg/L. Aussi, 2400 Aedes aegypti adultes testés ont été tous sensibles aux organophosphorés (chlorpyriphos-méthyl 0.8%, malathion 0,1% et fenitrithion 0,1%) avec des mortalités comprises entre 98% et 100% et aux pyréthrinoïdes (perméthrine 0,75%, deltaméthrine 0,05%, lambdacyahalothrine 0,05%) avec des mortalités de 100%. L’étude a montré que les populations immatures et adultes d’Aedes aegypti des plantations d’hévéa et les villages environnants de la zone d’étude étaient sensibles au Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, aux organophosphorés et aux pyréthrinoïdes. The expansion of rubber cultivation is leading to a strong modification of the environment in Côte d'Ivoire. As a result, several outbreaks of dengue and yellow fever caused by Aedes aegypti have recently been observed in Côte d'Ivoire. The insecticide susceptibility profile of Aedes aegypti in these labourintensive mass farming areas is poorly known. This study established the susceptibility profile of Aedes aegypti in the rubber growing areas of Dabou in order to better plan control measures against the major arbovirus vector. Aedes aegypti larvae were sampled in January 2018 in immature and mature rubber plantations, as well as in the villages surrounding the rubber plantations in the Dabou department. Larvicidal (Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis and temephos) and adulticidal (chlorpyriphos-methyl 0.8%, malathion 0.1% and Fenitrithion 0.1%, permethrin 0.75%, deltamethrin 0.05%, lambdacyahalothrin 0.05%) tube tests on F1 generations were carried out in accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. All 3743 Aedes aegypti larvae tested were sensitive to both larvicides with LC50 ranging from 7.10-3 mg/L to 9.10-3 mg/L for Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis and from 6.5.10-2 mg/L to 1.2.10-1 mg/L for temephos. The respective LC95 were between 2.1.10-2 mg/L and 2.4.10-2 mg/L and between 6.5.10-2 mg/L and 1.2.10-1 mg/L. Also, 2400 adult Aedes aegypti tested were all sensitive to organophosphates (chlorpyrifos-methyl 0.8%, malathion 0.1% and fenitrithion 0.1%) with mortalities between 98% and 100% and to pyrethroids (permethrin 0.75%, deltamethrin 0.05%, lambdacyahalothrin 0.05%) with mortalities of 100%. The study showed that immature and adult populations of Aedes aegypti in rubber plantations and surrounding villages in the study area were susceptible to Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, organophosphates and pyrethroids

Sustaining control of Schistosomiasis mansoni in western Côte d'Ivoire : results from a SCORE study, one year after initial praziquantel administration

The Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation (SCORE) has launched several large-scale trials to determine the best strategies for gaining and sustaining control of schistosomiasis and transitioning toward elimination. In Côte d'Ivoire, a 5-year cluster-randomized trial is being implemented in 75 schools to sustain the control of schistosomiasis mansoni. We report Schistosoma mansoni infection levels in children one year after the initial school-based treatment (SBT) with praziquantel and compare with baseline results to determine the effect of the intervention.; The baseline cross-sectional survey was conducted in late 2011/early 2012 and the first follow-up in May 2013. Three consecutive stool samples were collected from 9- to 12-year-old children in 75 schools at baseline and 50 schools at follow-up. Stool samples were subjected to duplicate Kato-Katz thick smears. Directly observed treatment (DOT) coverage of the SBT was assessed and the prevalence and intensity of S. mansoni infection compared between baseline and follow-up.; The S. mansoni prevalence in the 75 schools surveyed at baseline was 22.1% (95% confidence interval (CI): 19.5-24.4%). The DOT coverage was 84.2%. In the 50 schools surveyed at baseline and one year after treatment, the overall prevalence of S. mansoni infection decreased significantly from 19.7% (95% CI: 18.5-20.8%) to 12.8% (95% CI: 11.9-13.8%), while the arithmetic mean S. mansoni eggs per gram of stool (EPG) among infected children slightly increased from 92.2 EPG (95% CI: 79.2-105.3 EPG) to 109.3 EPG (95% CI: 82.7-135.9 EPG). In two of the 50 schools, the prevalence increased significantly, despite a DOT coverage of >75%.; One year after the initial SBT, the S. mansoni prevalence had decreased. Despite this positive trend, an increase was observed in some schools. Moreover, the infection intensity among S. mansoni-infected children was slightly higher at the 1-year follow-up compared to the baseline situation. Our results emphasize the heterogeneity of transmission dynamics and provide a benchmark for the future yearly follow-up surveys of this multi-year SCORE intervention study

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND DENSITY OF TERMITE MOUNDS IN A PROTECTED HABITAT IN THE SOUTH OF COTE D’IVOIRE: CASE OF NATIONAL FLORISTIC CENTER (CNF) OF UFHB OF ABIDJAN

The spatial distribution and termite mounds density and their activity were studies in order to assess to the biological restoration level in a protected area, knowing that termites are considered as tropical ecosystem engineers. The CNF area was subdivided into 4 sectors (SW, SE, NW and NE). In every sector of 1.75 ha, 20 transects (5 m x 100 m) were sampled. Termite nests were counted. Their dimensions and geographical coordinates were recorded. The superposition of spatial distribution maps of the 3 types of termite mounds showed an impressive abundance of termite mounds in all CNF area. In total, there were recorded 165 termite mounds. They were composed of 119 epigeal termite mounds and 46 tree-dwelling termite mounds. The average density of the 3 types of termite mounds on the CNF area was 23.57 mounds/ha with a dispersion coefficient of 0.07. The average density of Macrotermes mounds (8.99 mounds/ha), Cubitermes mounds (8.00 mounds/ha) and that of arboreal termite mounds (6.57 mounds/ha), with respective dispersion coefficient of 0.10, 0.08 and 0.07, showed no significant difference between them (p> 0.05). The epigeal termite mounds moved 297.42 tons of soil to build their nests. Macrotermes only, moved 297.03 tons (99.87%) of soil. On the CNF area, Macrotermes mounds have occupied a base area of 373.3 m2 and a volume of 264.99 m3. Cubitermes mounds covered a total base area of 2.08 m2 and a volume of 0.42 m3. These results are the reflection of a strong activity of the termite colonies, gradually restored in this protected habitat for 51 years

ETUDE DU COMPORTEMENT AU REPOS ET DES PREFERENCES TROPHIQUES DE ANOPHELES GAMBIAE DANS LA VILLE D’ADZOPE, COTE D’IVOIRE

An entomological follow up, carried out by house resting collection and outdoor resting collections was achieved from June 2006 to September 2008 in Adzope, a town located in South-west Côte d’Ivoire, in the forest zone. This study aimed at identifying the origin of the An. gambiae females bloodmeals. In total, 539 mosquitoes were collected, 390 house resting mosquitoes and 149 outdoor resting ones. The mosquitoes collected in the two environments belong to 3 genera: Anopheles (92.5 %), Culex (7.2 %) and Mansonia(0.2 %). An. gambiae was the only anopheles species collected. The study of its resting behavior reveals the existence in Adzope of two populations: endophilic and exophilic. The origin of 60 bloodmeals of this species was identified by the PCR-heteroduplex. In houses, the bloodmeals were collected on humans (97%) and goats (3%). In outdoor shelters, the collection was made on humans (87.5%), birds (3%) and cows (1.5%). The bloodmeals from unknown origins were 1.5%. Actually, the poultry was the host preference for animal-feeding females. An. gambiae presents a high anthropophilic rate and therefore a threat for Adzope population

Efficacy of a ‘lethal house lure’ against Culex quinquefasciatus from Bouaké city, Côte d’Ivoire

Background: Eave tube technology is a novel method of insecticide application that uses an electrostatic coating system to boost insecticide efficacy against resistant mosquitoes. A series of previous experiments showed encouraging insecticidal effects against malaria vectors. This study was undertaken to assess the effects of the eave tube approach on other Culicidae, in particular Culex quinquefasciatus, under laboratory and semi-field conditions. Methods: Larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus from Bouaké were collected and reared to adult stage, and World Health Organization (WHO) cylinder tests were performed to determine their resistance status. WHO standard 3-min cone bioassays were conducted using PermaNet 2.0 netting versus eave tube-treated inserts. To assess the transient exposure effect on Cx. quinquefasciatus, eave tube assay utilizing smelly socks as attractant was performed with exposure time of 30 s, 1 min, and 2 min on 10% beta-cyfluthrin-treated inserts. Residual activity of these treated inserts was then monitored over 9 months. Field tests involving release–recapture of Cx. quinquefasciatus within enclosures around experimental huts fitted with windows and untreated or insecticide-treated eave tubes were conducted to determine house entry preference and the impact of tubes on the survival of this species. Results: Bouaké Cx. quinquefasciatus displayed high resistance to three out of four classes of insecticides currently used in public health. After 3 min of exposure in cone tests, 10% beta-cyfluthrin-treated inserts induced 100% mortality in Cx. quinquefasciatus, whereas the long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN) only killed 4.5%. With reduced exposure time on the eave tube insert, mortality was still 100% after 2 min, 88% after 1 min, and 44% after 30 s. Mortality following 1 h exposure on 10% beta-cyfluthrin-treated insert was > 80% continuously up to 7 months post-treatment. Data suggest that Cx. quinquefasciatus have a stronger preference for entering a house through the eaves than through windows. Beta-cyfluthrin-treated inserts were able to kill 51% of resistant Cx. quinquefasciatus released within the enclosure. Conclusions: Eave tubes are a novel method for delivery of insecticide to the house. They attract nuisance host-seeking Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes and are as effective in controlling them as they are against pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae, despite the high level of resistance Cx. quinquefasciatus have developed

Spatial risk profiling of Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia in a high endemicity area in Côte d'Ivoire

Background. The objective of this study was to identify demographic, environmental and socioeconomic risk factors and spatial patterns of Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia in a high endemicity area of Africa, and to specify how this information can facilitate improved malaria control at the district level. Methods. A questionnaire was administered to about 4,000 schoolchildren in 55 schools in western Ĉte d'Ivoire to determine children's socioeconomic status and their habit of sleeping under bed nets. Environmental data were obtained from satellite images, digitized ground maps and a second questionnaire addressed to school directors. Finger prick blood samples were collected and P. falciparum parasitaemia determined under a microscope using standardized, quality-controlled methods. Bayesian variogram models were utilized for spatial risk modelling and mapping of P. falciparum parasitaemia at non-sampled locations, assuming stationary and non-stationary underlying spatial dependence. Results. Two-thirds of the schoolchildren were infected with P. falciparum and the mean parasitaemia among infected children was 959 parasites/μl of blood. Age, socioeconomic status, not sleeping under a bed net, coverage rate with bed nets and environmental factors (e.g., normalized difference vegetation index, rainfall, land surface temperature and living in close proximity to standing water) were significantly associated with the risk of P. falciparum parasitaemia. After accounting for spatial correlation, age, bed net coverage, rainfall during the main malaria transmission season and distance to rivers remained significant covariates. Conclusion. It is argued that a massive increase in bed net coverage, particularly in villages in close proximity to rivers, in concert with other control measures, is necessary to bring malaria endemicity down to intermediate or low levels

Effects of Continuous Cultivation of Soil on Termites (Isoptera) Diversity and Abundance in Savannas of Northern of Côte d’Ivoire

To highlight the continuous cultivation of soil on biodiversity in savannas of Korhogo in the north of Côte d’Ivoire, termites were studied with regard to their use as bio-indicators of habitat change in the tropics. Using a standardized method, termites were sampled in five types of plots (PCR 1, PCR 2, PCR 3, PCR 10 and PCR 30) which age of continuous cultivation varies from 1 to 30 years in comparison with the primary savanna. The diversity of termites has differed statistically between the habitat types. The species richness highest in the primary savanna (24 species), decreases progressively with the continuous cultivation of soil to reach lowest in the elderly cultures plots PRC 30 (9 species), either 64 % of reduction. Continuous cultivation of soil causes a drastic reduction in soil-feeders group (75 % of reduction on PCR 2). But there was no significant change in termites’ diversity between the savanna and the recent culture PCR 1. The cultivation of soil would have, in the first years, a positive effect on the diversity and abundance of wood feeders. This study shows the impact inflicted by the continuous cultivation of soil on the communities of termites in Korhogo region