the case of Egypt from 1952 to 2010

Thesis(Master) --KDI School:Master of Development Policy,2019There are numerous studies around Concepts like good governance, the rule of law and economic performance in the countries categorized with inefficient government policies. However, in the history of developing economies, some attention has been given to studies about the Egyptian Government’s challenges in achieving effective policies for 200 years before the 2011 Revolution. Hence, this research examines the case of Egypt in light of the key argument of the World Bank`s 2017 World Development Report (“WDR2017”). The discussion highlights the three Cs of commitment, coordination, and cooperation in the WDR2017 as critical policy drivers and robust tools to achieve good governance. It also sheds light on policy deficiencies that have caused corruption, poverty, and dissatisfaction among Egyptians, despite the government`s efforts to accomplish high economic performance and address socio-political issues.1 Awareness of the characteristics of good governance is recently focused (Grindle M. S., 2010). But not focused on the Three Cs commitment, coordination, and cooperation as a policy drivers, therefore, it was essential to give considerable attention in this thesis to these elements, adding them to the previous aspects; all together can be a great incentive to any democratic system that supports good governance. The research also extends the three Cs related theoretical discussion initiated by the WDR2017, and provide empirical evidence from the Egyptian case from 1805 to 2010.1 Governance terms in Egypt 2 The Governance History of Egypt between two revolutions 1953 and 2010 (Focusing on the Policies Imposed by the Rulers) 3 The three Cs: commitment, coordination, and cooperation 4 Concluding remarksmasterpublishedMaha AHMED

Improving energy efficiency and quality of service in an integrated wireless-optical broadband access network

Exponential growth in the volume of wireless data, boosted by the growing popularity of mobile devices such as smart phones and tablets, is forcing telecommunication industries to rethink network design, and focus on developing high capacity mobile broadband networks. Accordingly, researchers have undertaken developmental work for an integrated wireless-optical broadband access network (WOBAN). Passive optical networks (PONs) and fourth generation (4G) wireless networks are two major candidate technologies for the WOBAN. PON is a wired access technology, well-known for its high capacity, whereas 4G is a wireless broadband access technology, popular for its ease of deployment and ability to offer mobility. Integration of PON and 4G technologies, as a wireless-optical broadband access network, offers advantages such as extension of networks in rural areas, support for mobile broadband services, and rapid deployment of broadband networks. However, these two technologies have different design architectures for handling broadband services which require Quality of Service (QoS), for example, 4G networks use traffic classification for supporting different QoS demands whereas PON does not differentiate between traffic types. This integrated network must also be energy efficient, as a green broadband access network, without hindering QoS. While these technologies both use sleep mode, they differ in their power saving mechanisms. This thesis first addresses a QoS solution for the incompatibility between these technologies. Service class mapping is proposed in Chapter 3 for the integrated WOBAN, based on the M/G/1 queuing model supported by an innovative priority scheduler. Once class mapping is deployed, a power saving mechanism can be devised by exploiting traffic differentiation. Specifically, a class-based strategy is proposed which helps optimise the sleep period for the terminal units of the optical network, without compromising QoS. Since the optical network involves control and terminal nodes, both of which consume power, this thesis proposes an energy efficient mechanism that involves both components. In contrast, other published strategies (Chapter 2) have only considered the terminal units. Chapter 4 presents the mechanism for enabling global sleep (control and terminal nodes) and local sleep (terminal nodes), based on the available traffic\u27s class structure. This mechanism enables sleep for different components within the bandwidth allocation by adapting the switching between predefined polling cycle lengths. As the WOBAN is comprised of both wireless and optical parts, a dynamic resource management mechanism is needed which responds to changing daily traffic patterns across a green integrated network. Consequently, Chapter 5 proposes a mechanism which dynamically adapts the polling cycles, of the optical and wireless parts of the network, to the changing traffic volume and class composition. Tailored sleep durations for the components of the WOBAN are facilitated within the resource management regime, as these components differ in their ability to function efficiently if management of the sleep periods is not responsive to the changing traffic volumes and class composition. This dissertation creates new knowledge by seamlessly integrating the two parts of WOBAN and introducing differentiated, class-based sleep for the components of the hybrid network to help realise a green WOBAN

Methodology Options for Hydrogen Safety Analysis

Master's thesis in Risk ManagementThe development of applications using hydrogen as a clean energy carrier has increased in recent years. Hydrogen is versatile and can be used in a wide range of applications. Hydrogen is already being widely used as a chemical feedstock for producing fertilizers and petrochemicals. Hydrogen can be used to power vehicles and generate heat and electricity. A prerequisite for commercial applications of hydrogen is to ensure that the risk associated with its production, storage, transport and use is at least not significantly higher than that of existing fuels. Hydrogen is not inherently more dangerous than other conventional fuels, but it has quite different properties, namely very low ignition energy, wide flammability range, high laminar burning velocity and high buoyancy. Consequence analysis is a critical part of any Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA), which is used to predict the physical effects of the accidental release of flammable materials. A wide range of consequence analysis tools exist, ranging from simple integral tools based on empirical correlations to sophisticated three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tools. Integral tools are easy to use and require less computational time; however, they take limited account of the influence of obstacles on the flow. Whereas CFD tools are more complex and require longer computational time (typically hours or day) and more skills, but they can predict the effect of complex geometries on the flow. Despite the intrinsic differences, CFD tools and integral tools are considered to perform the same task in consequences analysis. Uncertainties are always part of any consequence analysis, especially for emerging applications. Thus, it is important to understand the underlying assumptions and inherent limitations of the available tools, as well as the expected level of accuracy in the results for different types of hazardous scenarios. This study examines and compares the results predicted by the CFD tool (FLACS) and integral tools (FRED, PHAST and EFFECTS) which are used in hydrogen safety studies. The focus is to show where the tools predict similar results and where their results deviate strongly. It includes a description of the physical models used in FLACS, FRED, PHAST and EFFECTS for release modelling of hydrogen gas leak through an orifice from a pressurized storage tank. Release and dispersion simulations are carried out in each of FRED, EFFECTS, PHAST and FLACS for 81 hypothetical hydrogen gas release scenarios in open flat terrain. Then, sensitivity analysis is performed with variations in input parameters such as orifice size, wind speed, release direction, atmospheric stability class and surface roughness length to study their effect on the dispersion of the gas cloud. Finally, dispersion simulations are carried out in FLACS for hydrogen gas release from a dispenser in a refuelling gas station and its corresponding release scenario in open flat terrain to study the effect of obstacles on the dispersion of the gas cloud. A comparison tool was developed using the results produced by the four tools for 72 hydrogen gas release scenarios. The comparison includes the mass flow rate, the downwind distances to lower flammability limit (LFL) and half of lower flammability limit (½ LFL), and the amount of flammable mass between upper and lower flammability limits. The results showed that FLACS, FRED, EFFECTS and PHAST predicted almost the same mass flow rates for hydrogen gas released at 5 bar and 25 bar; however, FLACS predicted higher mass flow rates compared to the other tools for hydrogen gas released at 350 bar. The results of the dispersion simulations conclude that EFFECTS is not recommended for hydrogen safety studies due to the large discrepancies in the results when compared to FLACS, FRED and PHAST. FLACS predicted longer downwind distances to LFL and ½ LFL, and larger amount of flammable mass for most of the considered release scenarios; however, the results need to be compared against experimental results as it is not possible to recommend the use of one tool over the other based only on the results of this study. Hydrogen buoyancy does not prevent the formation of a large flammable cloud. The common argument is that a release of hydrogen gas in an unconfined area will rise and disperse relatively quickly upon release; however, this is not always the case. Hydrogen buoyancy is only valid outside the part of dispersion which is controlled by the jet momentum. From the results, a higher initial pressure produces a jet with higher momentum and the buoyancy force takes longer to dominate the flow. Also, hydrogen gas releases near the ground, tend to deflect towards the ground and cling to it because of an effect known as the Coandă effect. The results showed that this effect increases with the increase in wind speed. Obstacles in the path of the gas cloud help in decreasing the jet momentum and allow the buoyancy to have more effect; however, a large flammable cloud can still be formed

Self-extending symbiosis in symbiodinium microadriaticum and the effect of endosymbiotic / horizontal gene transfer on dinoflagellates and the tree of life

Symbiodinium microadriaticum is a dinoflagellate that lives in a mutualistic relationship with the coral Stylophora pistillata in the Red Sea. Symbiodinium microadriaticum is divided into several clades and the A1 clade of Symbiodinium microadriaticum lives in shallow waters and is resilient to thermal stress. The association between Symbiodinium microadriaticum A1 and Stylophora pistillata enables Stylophora pistillata to tolerate the rise in the sea surface temperature caused by global warming and climate change. Here, the first completely sequenced dinoflagellate genome is explored to answer two questions: The first question is whether self-extending symbiosis has a role in the ability of Symbiodinium microadriaticum A1 to adapt to thermal stress and other environmental perturbations. The second question is how endosymbiotic / horizontal gene transfer (E/HGT) affects dinoflagellates and the Tree of life (TOL). Using a large scale comparative and phylogenomic analysis, here I am addressing the extent of horizontal and endosymbiotic gene transfer in Symbiodinium microadriaticum A1 and in dinoflagellates in general. Two model organisms that do not live in mutualistic relationships with other organisms were used as controls for Stylophora pistillata and Symbiodinium microadriaticum. These two organisms are Nematostella vectensis and Alexandrium tamarense, respectively. Furthermore, because the monophyly of the chromalveolate, the eukaryotic supergroup the dinoflagellates belong to, is in controversy, this key relationship in the Tree of life is investigated in the second part of the thesis. The sequencing of the genome of Symbiodinium microadriaticum A1 (CCMP2467) provides a great opportunity to conduct a genome-wide analysis of the phylogenetic affiliation on a gene-by-gene basis. Trees that show monophyly of the stramenopile-alveolate-Rhizaria (SAR) clade were sorted out and the positions of cryptophytes and haptophytes in relation to the SAR clade were manually reviewed. In addition, trees were further sorted to address which clades are more highly involved in E/HGT to dinoflagellates and how E/HGT from these clades affects dinoflagellates. Results showed that most genes obtained from other unicellular eukaryotes encoded proteins that take part in: response to oxidative stress, signal transduction, cell adhesion, and arginine and proline metabolic pathway, besides other proteins that take part in other metabolic pathways. On the other hand, HGT genes from bacteria encoded proteins involved in signal transduction pathways such as the MepB permease, cyclic nucleotide binding domain. In addition, genes transferred to/from Symbiodiniummicroadriaticum A1and either Acropora digitifera or Stylophora pistillata mainly encoded transporters and proteins involved in cell adhesion and in peroxisome synthesis. Moreover, results showed that enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of essential amino Acids such as L-glutamate, glycine and threonine were missing from Stylophora pistillata although they are available, as expected, in Nematostella vectensis and other Metazoa species. Furthermore, contradicting the long-accepted chromalveolate hypothesis and the well-established monophyly of chromalveolates, my results suggest that cryptophytes and haptophytes are not in monophyly with the rest of the chromalveolate clade in most of the analyzed trees. Results also showed that E/HGT from bacteria to dinoflagellates transferred several methyltransferase genes, besides the RuBisCO encoding gene from proteobacteia and the Histone acetyltransferase HPA2 encoding gene that was also transferred from bacteria. To sum up, results identified the proteins that are putatively involved in adapting to environmental stress and where they have evolved from. Further studies can be done to understand their mechanisms of action and hence investigate if their actions can be enhanced to prevent the loss of the symbiont-host mutualistic relationship and to prevent coral bleaching. Also, this thesis challenges the monophyly of the chromalveolate clade and the position of cryptophytes and haptophytes in relation to this clade.

The Translation Obstacles of Passive Voice in Obama’s Presidential Speeches

This paper aimed at finding weather if the English passive voice construction used in Obama’s political speeches, will be preserved or not when translated into Arabic. This paper hypothesize that the passive voice construction is not preserved during the process of translation from English to Arabic. In conclusion according to the analysis of the samples most of the translators use active voice instead of the passive voice in translating the statements that is due to the fact that the complexity of Arabic language differs from that of the English language, both languages differ in culture and norms and follows different grammar. This study provides an overview on translating passive voice forms from English to Arabic using Obama\u27s presidential speeches. This paper serves as a valuable resource for analyzing passive voice constructions, developing translation strategies, and evaluating translation outcomes. It is expected to contribute to the field of translation studies and enhance understanding of the complexities involved in translating between these two languages. It attempts to present a valuable addition to a topic in need of more relevant information

Social Finance and Financing Social Enterprises: An Islamic Finance Prospective

Enterprises that have a dual objective of generating positive social impact and financial economic benefit turned to be vital with the increased level of poverty and other major social problems accompanied with limited public spending. The growth and development of social impact enterprises is fundamental for all economies and financing them is a challenging issue where they struggle to accessing finance. Traditional financial instruments are difficult to access especially after the recent financial crisis due to that social enterprises face high risk regarding generating profit, problems of governance model, and lacks of performance measurement valuations especially when it comes to measuring social value. On the other hand, Islamic finance has experienced progressive growth in the last years and could play significant role not only limited to Muslims but also for Non-Muslim countries. Advances in Islamic Finance and Social Finance demonstrate an increasing global attention for finding alternative ways of financing and creating value in the society since both of them have similar ethical dictates. Sharia that regulates all Islamic financial instruments and investments and its screening methodology prohibits unethical businesses and practices that are similar to the negative screening methodology adopted by the socially responsible investment which make both of them connected to Social Finance. This paper is exploratory in nature and argues that Islamic finance could be a viable potential alternative with its diversified instruments for financing social impact enterprises. The paper provides insights for researchers, decision makers, and practitioners of how Islamic finance provide valid financing tools for social finance through mobilizing private funds allocated from investors who seeks investments that generate both social and economic value