The effect of hydrocortisone on nitric oxide release by macrophages of cyclophosphamide treated mice

زمینه و هدف: مطالعات قبلی نشان داده که ماکروفاژهای فعال شده با ترشح نیتریک اکساید نقش مهمی در دفاع میزبان دارند. همچنین سنتز و ترشح این واسطه شیمیایی با مصرف داروها دچار تغییر می شود. کورتیکو استرویید ها نیز مانند سایر داروهای ضد التهابی دارای چنین خاصیتی هستند. مطالعات همچنین نشان داده که نیتریک اکساید مترشحه مسئول بخشی از عوارض حاصل از درمان سیکلوفسفامید می باشد. از طرفی هر دو داروی فوق بر روی سیستم ایمنی و عملکرد ریه تأثیر می گذارند. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی اثر دو دارو بر ترشح نیتریک اکساید بعنوان یکی از عملکرد های ایمنی دخیل در فرآیند پاتولوژی ریه و مقاومت در برابر عفونت های فرصت طلب می باشد. روش مطالعه: در این مطالعه ابتدا موشها (In vivo) بصورت داخل صفاقی روزانه بمدت 5 روز دوز های متفاوتی از سیکلوفسفامید را دریافت نمودند. پس از 28 روز موشها را کشته سوسپانسیون سلولی به روش معمول تهیه و به مدت 48 ساعت انکوبه شدند. پس از انکوباسیون مقدار نیتریت موجود در مایع رویی هر چاهک کشت سلول های ماکروفاژی بعنوان اندیکاتوری از نیتریک اکساید به روش گریس اندازه گیری شد. نتایج: نتایج نشان داد که غلظت پائین سیکلوفسفامید به تنهایی در مقایسه با گروه کنترل باعث کاهش ترشح نیتریک اکساید توسط ماکروفاژهای صفاقی می شود (2±48) همچنین غلظت زیاد سیکلوفسفامید در مقایسه با گروه کنترل باعث افزایش ترشح نیتریک اکساید توسط ماکروفاژهای صفاقی می شود (5±380) نتایج نشان می دهد در گروهی که مقدار کم (5/1 میلی گرم) سیکلوفسفامید دریافت کرده بودند هیدروکورتیزون (فقط غلظت های بالاتر از 1/. نانومولار) مقدار نیتریک اکساید را کاهش می دهد. در حالی که در گروهی که دوز بالایی (5/4 میلی گرم) از سیکلو فسفامید دریافت نموده بوده اند هیدروکورتیزون (در تمام غلظت ها) باعث کاهش ترشح نیتریک اکساید می شود. حداکثر کاهش برابر 43/30 (05/0

Automatic summarisation of Instagram social network posts Combining semantic and statistical approaches

The proliferation of data and text documents such as articles, web pages, books, social network posts, etc. on the Internet has created a fundamental challenge in various fields of text processing under the title of "automatic text summarisation". Manual processing and summarisation of large volumes of textual data is a very difficult, expensive, time-consuming and impossible process for human users. Text summarisation systems are divided into extractive and abstract categories. In the extractive summarisation method, the final summary of a text document is extracted from the important sentences of the same document without any modification. In this method, it is possible to repeat a series of sentences and to interfere with pronouns. However, in the abstract summarisation method, the final summary of a textual document is extracted from the meaning and significance of the sentences and words of the same document or other documents. Many of the works carried out have used extraction methods or abstracts to summarise the collection of web documents, each of which has advantages and disadvantages in the results obtained in terms of similarity or size. In this work, a crawler has been developed to extract popular text posts from the Instagram social network with appropriate preprocessing, and a set of extraction and abstraction algorithms have been combined to show how each of the abstraction algorithms can be used. Observations made on 820 popular text posts on the social network Instagram show the accuracy (80%) of the proposed system

Monitoring of soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks in different land use under surface water erosion in a semi-arid drainage basin of Iran

Soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil nitrogen (SN) are the principal components in soil quality assessment, and in mitigation the global greenhouse effect. In Iran, little information exists on the stocks of SOC and SN. SOC and SN stocks are a function of the SOC and SN concentrations and the bulk density of the soil that are prone to changes under land use types and soil erosion. The objective of this study was to evaluate SOC and SN stock in different land use types under surface erosion at catchment scale. In view of this, bulk density, SOC and SN concentration were measured in 39 different sampling sites of three main groups of land use affected by surface erosion namely, rangeland, crop field, and forest land at Taleghani catchment, Khoramabad, Iran. The results showed that SOC and SN stock under all land use types was significantly different (P < 0.01). SOC and SN stocks were greatest in the forest land use. The SOC stock for the 30 cm soil layer in different land uses varied in order forest (66.9 Mg ha 121) > rangeland (63.3 Mg ha 121) > crop field (47.2 Mg ha 121; P < 0.01). Also the SN stock had the same trend in all studied land uses. These results can be useful as a scientific basis for selecting the proper soil management as a simple and low-cost approach to mitigate the SOC and SN loss. \ua9JASE

Waste Dump Site Selection by Using Fuzzy VIKOR

Considering the nature of open pit mines, harvest volume, it usually is required to remove a lot of waste to access to mineral planned grade. So, one of the most important part of open pit mines design, is waste dump site selection. Many factors are effective in waste dump site selection. These factors are sometimes in conflict with each other. So selecting the desired location for waste dump is a process complex and multi-criteria decision making. There are a variety of methods for decision making under complicated condition, such as fuzzy, Delphi, multi-criteria decision making and Expert system methods can be hinted. VIKOR method, which is one of the decision making multi criteria methods, is useful tool for decision-making. On the other hand with regard to uncertainty in decision-making, fuzzy approach is a useful tool for this purpose. This article has tried to select the best waste dump site in Sari Gunay Gold Mine by Fuzzy VIKOR. The results show that C position has a higher priority than other positions

The Relationship between Financing Constraints and Conditional and Unconditional Conservatism of Listed Companies in Tehran Stock Exchange

The purpose of financial reporting is to present useful information to users. Information is useful if it has qualitative features including reliability and relevance. One of the components of the reliability of information is Conservatism principle. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between conditional and unconditional conservatism with financing constraints in companies accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange. To examine this matter, 107 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during the period 2010 to 2014 were selected. In this study, multivariate regression model and data panel were used. The results show that there is a significant and positive relationship between restrictions on financing and conditional conservatism. A significant positive correlation was, also, observed between conservatism and unconditional and financing constraints

A comparative study on the fatigue life of the vehicle body spot welds using different numerical techniques: Inertia relief and Modal dynamic analyses

Among different parts of a vehicle, the body is the main load-bearing component and as a result, its durability is critical. Fatigue analyses are typically divided into different categories, the quasi-static methods and the dynamic methods. The aim of this paper was to compare the inertia relief and modal dynamic approaches for their formulation, accuracy and computation time. The chosen case study is the fatigue life of the vehicle body. By utilizing multi-body dynamics model and driving the vehicle on different standardized roads and by different velocities, the force and moment time histories which act on the body were calculated and later used by the finite element model for the stress analysis. Then, by using the structural stress method, the fatigue life of the vehicle spot welds were calculated and the results were compared for both quasi-static and dynamic approaches. The findings reveal that the modal dynamic method is almost 37 times more time-consuming than the inertia relief approach, but if accuracy is desired, it can be up to 96% more accurate. Also as predicted, at low frequency loading (less than 10% of the first nonzero frequency of the structure), there is no difference between the results of both methods

Effects of uni- and bi-lateral gonadectomy and administration of estradiol, progesterone and testosterone with pancreatic -cell KATP channels blocker or opener on insulin sensitivity in rats

زمینه و هدف: مطالعه اثرات هورمون های استروئید جنسی بر ترشح انسولین و حساسیت به انسولین از نظر بالینی در درمان بیماری های وابسته، دارای اهمیت است. بر این اساس، هدف اصلی پژوهش حاضر، بررسی اثرات این هورمون ها بر حساسیت به انسولین در موش ها می باشد. همچنین، با توجه به نقش کانال های حساس به ATP (KATP) سلول های بتای لوزالمعده در ترشح انسولین، اثرات هورمون های مذکور بر این کانال ها نیز بررسی شد. روش مطالعه: دیازوکساید یا وراپامیل به ترتیب با دوز روزانه mg/kg 30 و mg/kg 100 به عنوان داروی بازکننده یا مسدود کننده کانال های KATP سلول های بتای لوزالمعده، مورد استفاده قرار گرفتند. هورمون تستوسترون با دوز روزانه kg/mg 50 به عنوان دوز جایگزین در گروه بیضه برداری شده دو طرفه و mg/kg 10 در موش های نر جراحی نشده و هورمون های پروژسترون و استرادیول به ترتیب با دوز روزانه mg/kg20 و μg/kg 200 در موش های ماده مورد مصرف واقع شدند. موش های نر به گروههای شاهد، بیضه برداری شده یک طرفه و دو طرفه، بیضه برداری شده دریافت کننده تستوسترون، گروه جراحی نشده دریافت کننده تستوسترون، دریافت کننده دیازوکساید یا وراپامیل و گروههای دریافت کننده تستوسترون + دیازوکساید یا وراپامیل تقسیم شدند. موش های ماده به گروههای شاهد، تخمدان برداری شده یک طرفه و دو طرفه، تخمدان برداری شده دریافت کننده پروژسترون یا استرادیول، گروههای جراحی نشده دریافت کننده پروژسترون، استرادیول، دیازوکساید یا وراپامیل و گروههای دریافت کننده پروژسترون+دیازوکساید یا وراپامیل تقسیم شدند. در هر گروه پس از چهار هفته، مقدار انسولین و گلوکز سرم خون اندازه گیری شد و حساسیت به انسولین (نسبت گلوکز به انسولین) بین گروهها، مورد مقایسه آماری قرار گرفت. نتایج: در موش های نر، بیضه برداری دو طرفه، تجویز دیازوکساید یا دیازوکساید + تستوسترون باعث افزایش، اما بیضه برداری یک طرفه، تجویز تستوسترون، وراپامیل یا تجویز وراپامیل+تستوسترون موجب کاهش حساسیت به انسولین شد. در موش های ماده، تخمدان برداری یک طرفه یا دو طرفه، تجویز پروژسترون، دیازوکساید یا پروژسترون+دیازوکساید یا وراپامیل باعث افزایش اما تجویز استرادیول یا وراپامیل سبب کاهش حساسیت به انسولین گردید. نتیجه گیری: تستوسترون و استرادیول کاهنده حساسیت به انسولین بوده، اما تخمدان برداری، بیضه برداری دو طرفه و پروژسترون افزاینده حساسیت به انسولین بودند. در این راستا، احتمالاً تستوسترون تأثیری بر باز و بسته شدن کانال های KATP سلول های بتای لوزالمعده نداشته، اما پروژسترون احتمالاً از طریق مهار کانال های KATP، ترشح انسولین را تحت تأثیر خود قرار داده است

Design and Analysis of Pseudospin-Polarized Ultra-Wideband Waveguide Supporting Hybrid Spoof Surface Plasmon Polaritons

In this study, novel low-loss waveguides and power dividers for ultra-broadband surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are introduced. This article uses complementary metasurfaces in place of traditional SPP, which are typically produced as metasurface unit cells on the dielectric sublayer. It has been demonstrated that the use of complementary metasurfaces considerably improves wave confinement and inhibits wave propagation. Because of this, it is anticipated that waveguides and power dividers made from these complimentary unit cells will have significantly lower losses and greater bandwidth than SPP used in traditional devices. In the frequency range of 0 GHz to 100 GHz, waveguides and bent waveguides with complementary metasurface unit cells exhibit insertion loss greater than 0.5 dB. Utilizing complementary metasurfaces, symmetric and asymmetric power dividers have been created and researched. The results of the simulation have shown that using this type of unit cell in the construction of microwave devices is advantageous.Comment: 13 pages 12 figure

The Impact of Managerial Credibility on Affective Organizational Commitment: An Empirical Study in the Sport Sector of Iran

The paper aims to study the impact of credibility of manager on employees’ affective commitment. Data were collected using a questionnaire including managerial credibility and affective commitment measures. A sample of 212employeesfrom a number of organizations operating in the sport sector of Iran was used. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and a linear regression analysis were used to test the relationship between managerial credibility and affective commitment. In addition, ANOVA analysis was used to determine the effect of demographic characteristics on perceptions of manager credibility. The findings indicated that the relationship between and affective commitment is positive and significant. Moreover, when people perceive manager credibility, they feel more affectively attached to their organizations, experience a sense of obligation/loyalty towards them, and feel less instrumentally committed. Sampling was one of the limitations identified in this study. The fact that convenience sampling was used meant that results were not immediately transferable to the general working population. If samples were drawn from a wider range of demographics, then the results become more meaningful. By utilizing credibility, managers can promote affective organizational commitment and, thus, individual and organizational performance. It allows them to experience senses of purpose, self-determination, enjoyment and belonging. The paper contributes by filling a gap in the organization and management literature, in which empirical studies on managerial credibility as an antecedent of affective organizational commitment have been scarce until now.Key words: Credibility; Affective commitment; Employe

Sensoriamento remoto multiespectral no manejo sítio‑específico da adubação nitrogenada

The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of multispectral remote sensing for site‑specific nitrogen fertilizer management. Satellite imagery from the advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer (Aster) was acquired in a 23 ha corn‑planted area in Iran. For the collection of field samples, a total of 53 pixels were selected by systematic randomized sampling. The total nitrogen content in corn leaf tissues in these pixels was evaluated. To predict corn canopy nitrogen content, different vegetation indices, such as normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), soil‑adjusted vegetation index (Savi), optimized soil‑adjusted vegetation index (Osavi), modified chlorophyll absorption ratio index 2 (MCARI2), and modified triangle vegetation index 2 (MTVI2), were investigated. The supervised classification technique using the spectral angle mapper classifier (SAM) was performed to generate a nitrogen fertilization map. The MTVI2 presented the highest correlation (R2=0.87) and is a good predictor of corn canopy nitrogen content in the V13 stage, at 60 days after cultivating. Aster imagery can be used to predict nitrogen status in corn canopy. Classification results indicate three levels of required nitrogen per pixel: low (0–2.5 kg), medium (2.5–3 kg), and high (3–3.3 kg).O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o uso de sensoriamento remoto multiespectral no manejo sítio‑específico da adubação nitrogenada. Imagens de satélite do “advanced spaceborne thermal emission e reflection radiometer” (Aster) foram obtidas em uma área de 23 ha cultivados com milho, no Irã. Para a coleta das amostras de campo, foi feita a seleção de 53 pixels, por meio do método de amostragem aleatória sistemática. Avaliou-se o teor de nitrogênio total nos tecidos foliares do milho, nesses pixels. Para estimar o teor de nitrogênio da parte aérea do milho, foram utilizados diferentes índices de vegetação, como “normalized difference vegetation index” (NDVI), “soil‑adjusted vegetation index” (Savi), “optimized soil‑adjusted vegetation index” (Osavi), “modified chlorophyll absorption ratio index 2” (MCARI2) e “modified triangle vegetation index 2” (MTVI2). Utilizou-se a técnica de classificação supervisionada com classificador “spectral angle mapper” (SAM) para a geração do mapa de adubação nitrogenada. O MTVI2 apresentou maior correlação (R2=0,87) e é um bom previsor do conteúdo de nitrogênio no estágio V13, 60 dias após o cultivo. Imagens Aster podem ser utilizadas para prever o status de nitrogênio na parte aérea do milho. Os resultados de classificação indicam três níveis de nitrogênio requerido por pixel: baixo (0–2,5 kg), médio (2,5–3 kg) e alto (3–3,3 kg)