Effect of gap lenghts of sphere-sphere electrodes on air breakdown level under lightning impulse

Impinging jets are a best method of achieving particularly high heat transfer coefficient and are therefore employed in many engineering applications. In this study we seek to understand the mechanism of the distributed heat on the curve surface with the goal of identifying preferred methods to predicting jet performance. The goals that have been achieved in the numerical results displayed are determine the influence of impingement jet characteristics on thermal and flow field on a curve surface, determine the variation of Nusselt numbers (NuD) along the curve surface in order to understand the heat transfer characteristics and study the effect of position (in the center, in the mid and in the end) and angle (α=90°, 60° and 30°) of jet impingement on curve surface, different Reynolds numbers (ReD) in range of (5000, 6000, 7000, 8000 and 9000). The program, which was extracted results it is (GAMBIT 2.4.6) and (FLUENT 6.3), simulation is (2-D) in submerged jet flow and the continuity, momentum and energy equations were solved by means of a finite volume method (FVM). This study covers the effect of different Reynolds numbers (ReD) on average Nusselt numbers (Nuavg) and local Nusselt numbers (NuD). From the result, the average Nusselt numbers (Nuavg) increased with the increase of Reynolds numbers (ReD) for all cases, in comparison between different positions (center, mid and end), of nozzle on curve surface at angle (α=90°) the maximum value of average Nusselt numbers (Nuavg=388.3) is found when the nozzle locate in the end followed by the mid position and smallest value of average Nusselt numbers (Nuavg=182.25) in the center of curve surface. In case of slant angle (α=60º) the maximum value of average Nusselt numbers (Nuavg=387.47) is found when the nozzle locate in the end followed by the mid position and smallest value of average Nusselt numbers (Nuavg=308.3) in the center of curve surface

Improving The Quality Of The Mathematics Education: The Malaysian Experience

Improving the quality of teaching and learning of mathematics has always been a major concern of mathematics educators. The four recurring and inter-related issues often raised in the development of a mathematics curriculum are: “What type of mathematics ought to be taught?”, “Why do we need to teach mathematics?”, “How should mathematics curriculum be planned and arranged?” and “ How can teacher ensure that what is transmitted to the pupils is as planned in the curriculum?”.The relatively brief history of mathematics education in Malaysia can be said to have developed in three distinct phases. In the first phase, the traditional approach, which emphasized mainly on basic skills (predominantly computational), was the focus of the national syllabus. In the late 70’s, in consonance with the world-wide educational reform, the modern mathematics program (MMP) was introduced in schools. Understanding of basic concepts rather than attaining computational efficiency was the underlying theme of the syllabus. Finally, in the late 80’s the mathematics curriculum was further revised. It is part of the national educational reform that saw the introduction of the national integrated curriculum (KBSM) both at the primary and secondary levels. This mathematics curriculum, which has undergone several minor changes periodically, is presently implemented in schools. The curriculum also emphasizes on the importance of context in problem solving. These three syllabi, as in any other curricular development, can be seen to have evolved from changing perspectives on the content, psychological and pedagogical considerations in teaching and learning of mathematics. In this paper, I will trace the development of the Malaysian mathematics curriculum from the psychological, content and pedagogical perspectives in relation to the recurring issues. I will argue that the development has in many ways attempted to make mathematics more meaningful and thus friendlier for students both at the primary and secondary levels. There has been also a marked improvement on the quality of mathematics education in Malaysi

Performance of Ad-Hoc on-Demand Distance Vector Discovery Algorithms Based On Packet Lifetime

Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol is a reactive protocol in Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET). AODV uses a distance or hop count for determining the best forwarding path and store the sequence number at table entry to ensure the path information is up-to-date. Although the AODV is a better performance compare to other proactive and reactive routing protocol in MANET, this routing still has a limitation and can to be improved. In this research, two algorithms that enhanced the original AODV are proposed. The first algorithm focuses on the AODV route table update management. The combination metrics of the lifetime and the sequence number in the table entry is used to solve the problem of the discarded active path information when the lifetime is expired. From the performance analysis, the proposed algorithm is successful to enhance the original AODV based on the performance of delay, overhead, packet delivery ratio and packet loss ratio. The second proposed algorithm is focused on the AODV route discovery. On the original AODV, packets will be allowed to rebroadcast the packet with a minimal lifetime. This will cause an unnecessary packets are discarded from the broadcasting. To solve this problem, Lifetime Ratio (LR) is proposed to reduce the unnecessary packets rebroadcast until it reaches the destination nodes. Based on the performance analysis, LR algorithm enhances the performance of the overhead, packet delivery ratio and packet loss ratio. The performance analysis of the proposed algorithms was conducted by using the discrete-event simulator, OMNeT++. The simulator was used to simulate the mobility environment and the Open System Interconnections (OSI) layers utilized in wireless simulation. To compare the performance between the original AODV and the proposed algorithms, the performance metrics are based on delay, overhead, packet delivery ratio, packet loss ratio and throughput. From the extensive simulations based on the performance metrics, the two proposed algorithms have shown distinct improvement and subsequently enhancing the performance of AODV

Anaerobic digestion of crude glycerol for biohydrogen production

Biodiesel has become one of the main interests for the diesel replacement because it is renewable, and can be produced from various sources. However, the rapid acceleration of biodiesel production consequently contributes towards the mass amount of generation of biodiesel by-product; the waste crude glycerol (CG) which consisted high amount of impurities including the heavy metal that may lead to environmental issues. This has raised the concern and also the interest for the researchers and industries to look for the best solution in managing the excessive crude glycerol. This is included to convert the CG into valuable products, chemically or biologically. Anaerobic digestion process for biohydrogen production using biodiesel waste or crude glycerol as sole substrate seems to have a great potential to be explored. Thus, this study used batch anaerobic fermentation approached using biodiesel wastewater sludge containing indigenous mixed bacteria to produce biohydrogen using CG as the main substrate, and to assess the performance of biohydrogen production under different pH, temperature, incubation time, and initial glycerol concentration. The experiments conducted with the biodiesel wastewater sludge and CG sample were collected from Vance Bioenergy Sdn. Bhd. and Carotino Sdn. Bhd, respectively. The results of the preliminary study using both pure and crude glycerol showed that the mixed culture favours crude glycerol than pure glycerol. There was no methane gas generated throughout this study based on the gas chromatography analysis. Thus, the crude glycerol is further used in this study. Results on the effect of various parameters showed that the mixed culture has successfully converted and utilized the CG up to 99% with hydrogen yield (HY) of 1.05 mol H2/mol glycerol utilized with 10 g/l concentration of CG at 48 hours with 37°C. The optimization study showed that, the most significant parameter that influenced the high HY were the pH and temperature. The result of HY at 1.0 – 1.26 mol H2/mol glycerol could be achieved under the pH, incubation time, and temperature range were within 7.0 - 9.0, 30 - 55 hours, and 31 - 38°C respectively

CFD and wind tunnel testing for a rear car spoiler / Ahmad Azlan Asri

In the way of designing a car, the aerodynamic must taken into consideration so that the car performance and stability will be satisfied and the fuel consumption can be reduced. To achieve this goal, one of the ways is the rear spoilers have to install at the rear end of car. The spoiler can create down force to allow the car grip on the road for better car stability. However, the position of the spoiler also have to chosen correctly to make the car aerodynamic acceptable. So, this study focused on the effect of rear spoiler on the sedan car in terms of drag coefficient and lowering fuel consumption. The method employed for this analysis by using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software and UiTM Low-Speed Wind Tunnel. The 1/17 scale of car prototype is drawing by using CATIA V5R18. Three variable data were tested such as velocity (v), height of spoiler (h), and angle of attack (a). The car then will simulated without using rear spoiler to compare the effect. Drag Coefficient (Cd) and Lift Coefficient (CI) were determined during simulation and experimental progress. The result will be investigated by applying the Fluid Mechanics relations to understand the situation. From the results, the comparison will be made either to choose the car without rear spoiler or a car with rear spoiler. After that, the best rear spoiler which can give less drag and fine down force was chosen. For the expected result, the scale car without rear spoiler will give large drag compared the car with rear spoiler. Then, the lower height and negative angle of attack is will generate more drag. The data that give the less drag was considered as achieved the objective of this project which is to reduce fuel consumptio

Administrative law in Malaysia

Power of a public nature must neither be abused nor exceeded. Administrative law is the branch of public law which is principally concerned with ensuring that the government, government departments, tribunals and all authorities exercising public law functions act within the perimeters of their power. Judicial review is the backbone of administrative law and is the most potent judicial weapon available to an aggrieved individual to challenge the validity of the decision-making process of public authorities. Administrative Law in Malaysia sets out in clear and succinct language the applicable principles of Malaysian administrative law. This book contains the fruits of a detailed study of Malaysian and foreign, principally English and Australian, court decisions. To aid understanding, the text is rich in the facts of the leading cases and the judicial dicta explaining and applying the law to those cases. The substantive grounds of judicial review are explored and, where appropriate, readers are informed how the local law may differ from the position in major Commonwealth jurisdictions. This enables the reader to evaluate the strengths and limitations of the local position. The remedies available to the successful litigant are critically discussed and the legal position is summarised for easy understanding and application by busy legal practitioners. Where the local position is unclear or has not been directly considered by the courts, the book attempts to point the way forward. The liability of the government in tort and the availability of injunctions against the government are also covered in the book. Administrative Law in Malaysia is a book which should not be missed by lawyers, judicial officers, public authorities, in-house counsel and non-governmental organisations

Keberkesanan Pelaksanaan Pengajaran Dan Pembelajaran Matematik Dalam Bahasa Inggeris Di Sekolah Luar Bandar

Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan maklumbalas mengenai keberkesanan pelaksanaan pengajaran dan pembelajaran Matematik dalam bahasa Inggeris di sekolah luar bandar. Kajian ini memfokuskan kepada 3 objektif kajian iaitu mengenalpasti penggunaan bahasa Inggeris murid, mengenalpasti penggunaan bahasa Inggeris guru Matematik dan mengenalpasti penggunaan bahan dan kemudahan yang disediakan oleh pihak sekolah dalam membantu meningkatkan kefahaman Matematik di dalam bahasa Inggeris. Pengumpulan data melibatkan temuabual dan soal selidik. Temubual mengandungi soalan bagi menguji penggunaan bahasa Inggeris guru dan penggunaan bahan dan kemudahan yang disediakan oleh pihak sekolah membantu meningkatkan kefahaman Matematik di dalam bahasa Inggeris. Soal selidik mengandungi soalan mengenai penggunaan bahasa Inggeris murid dan penggunaan bahan dan kemudahan yang disediakan oleh pihak sekolah membantu meningkatkan kefahaman Matematik di dalam bahasa Inggeris. Seramai 2 orang guru Matematik ditemubual dan 129 orang murid tingkatan 4 sekolah luar bandar dijadikan responden untuk soal selidik. Data yang diperolehi dianalisis menggunakan perisian Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) Version 10 untuk mendapatkan maklumat statistik deskriptif iaitu kekerapan, peratus dan min. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan penggunaan bahasa Inggeris murid berada pada tahap sederhana dengan min 2.90. Dapatan kajian juga menunjukkan guru menggunakan bahasa Inggeris semasa mengajar Matematik bergantung kepada kelas yang diajar. Walaubagaimanapun, penggunaan kemudahan yang disediakan oleh pihak sekolah tidak begitu digunakan oleh guru dan murid. Beberapa cadangan dan kajian lanjutan diberikan agar dapat meningkatkan lagi pencapaian Matematik dalam bahasa Inggeris

Comparison of phenolic content and antioxidant activity of fresh and fried local fruits

Fried fruits are popularly consumed by many people over the world. Some of the famous local fried fruits are fried cempedak, jackfruit and breadfruit. These fruits are rich in antioxidant, but the antioxidant content after frying is unknown as frying may alter the antioxidant content. This study aimed to compare total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of fresh and fried local fruits. Freeze-dried samples were extracted using 80% methanol and Folin-Ciocalteu assay was used to determine the total phenolic content (TPC) of the samples while FRAP and Beta-carotene assays were used to evaluate their antioxidant activity. Fried jackfruit (76.836 + 0.619 mg GAE/100g) had the highest TPC, followed by fresh jackfruit, fried cempedak, fresh cempedak, fried breadfruit and the lowest TPC was in fresh breadfruit (54.042 + 0.596 mg GAE/100g). Sample with the highest antioxidant activity as measured by FRAP assay was fresh cempedak (3.881 + 0.301 mM Fe2+/g), followed by fresh breadfruit, fresh jackfruit, fried jackfruit, fried breadfruit and the least antioxidant activity was in fried cempedak (0.794 + 0.106 mM Fe2+/g). Using Beta-carotene assay, fried cempedak had the highest percentage of antioxidant activity (98.936 + 0.182) followed by fresh jackfruit, fresh cempedak, fried jackfruit, fresh breadfruit and the lowest was observed in fried breadfruit (-76.449 + 8.139). There was no correlation found between TPC and antioxidant activity as measured using both FRAP and beta-carotene assays. In conclusion, frying of fruits resulted in increment of TPC but mixed changes in antioxidant activity of the final product thus suggesting the importance of controlling the frying process in getting the benefits of fruit antioxidants

The Understanding a good choice of color in poster design for children / Ahmad Waffin Mohamad Saudin & Azlan Zainal

This paper is about investigating the misuse of color in poster design for children between aged 4 to 7. This paper reviews what scientific color that can attract children interest. This paper also explores the relation between color of poster and children's play behavior, and how this relation can be utilized by designers to promote design for children. Good poster color can also catch the eyes that see it. The data will be collected and analyze using a quantitative method. Researcher make a survey by giving different poster color to the children for intended to investigate their color chosen. This paper will benefit to graphic designers as guideline to help use the correct color of the posters for children