Recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments in the Law of Iran and England: a comparative study

The aim of this study was to Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in the Law of Iran and England: A Comparative Study. There are a lot of similarities and commonalities between the legal system of Iran and England in the field of recognition and enforcement of the foreign judgments including public discipline and conflicting judgments. Public discipline in England Law is more specific than that of Iran. Being a civil case of the judgment, impossibility of recognition, enforcement of tax and criminal judgments are among the similarities of the two systems. On the other hand, reciprocity, precise of the foreign court, and the jurisdiction governing the nature of the claim are among instances which are different in Iran and England legal systems on the recognizing of the enforcement of foreign judgments

Gas flow through shale

textThe growing demand for energy provides an incentive to pursue unconventional resources. Among these resources, tight gas and shale gas reservoirs have gained significant momentum because recent advances in technology allowed us to produce them at an economical rate. More importantly, they seem likely to contain a significant volume of hydrocarbon. There are, however, many questions concerning hydrocarbon production from these unconventional resources. For instance, in tight gas sandstone, we observe a significant variability in the producibilities of wells in the same field. The heterogeneity is even present in a single well with changes in depth. It is not clear what controls this heterogeneity. In shale gas, the pore connectivity inside the void space is not well explored and hence, a representative pore model is not available. Further, the effects of an adsorbed layer of gas and gas slippage on shale permeability are poorly understood. These effects play a crucial role in assigning a realistic permeability for shale in-situ from a laboratory measurement. In the laboratory, in contrast to in-situ, the core sample lacks the adsorbed layer because the permeability measurements are typically conducted at small pore pressures. Moreover, the gas slippages in laboratory and in-situ conditions are not identical. The present study seeks to investigate these discrepancies. Drainage and imbibition are sensitive to pore connectivity and unconventional gas transport is strongly affected by the connectivity. Hence, there is a strong interest in modeling mercury intrusion capillary pressure (MICP) test because it provides valuable information regarding the pore connectivity. In tight gas sandstone, the main objective of this research is to find a relationship between the estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) and the petrophysical properties measured by drainage/imbibition tests (mercury intrusion, withdrawal, and porous plate) and by resistivity analyses. As a measure of gas likely to be trapped in the matrix during production---and hence a proxy for EUR---we use the ratio of residual mercury saturation after mercury withdrawal (S[subscript gr]) to initial mercury saturation (S[subscript gi]), which is the saturation at the start of withdrawal. Crucially, a multiscale pore-level model is required to explain mercury intrusion capillary pressure measurements in these rocks. The multiscale model comprises a conventional network model and a tree-like pore structure (an acyclic network) that mimic the intergranular (macroporosity) and intragranular (microporosity) void spaces, respectively. Applying the multiscale model to porous plate data, we classify the pore spaces of rocks into macro-dominant, intermediate, and micro-dominant. These classes have progressively less drainage/imbibition hysteresis, which leads to the prediction that significantly more hydrocarbon is recoverable from microporosity than macroporosity. Available field data (production logs) corroborate the higher producibility of the microporosity. The recovery of hydrocarbon from micro-dominant pore structure is superior despite its inferior initial production (IP). Thus, a reservoir or a region in which the fraction of microporosity varies spatially may show only a weak correlation between IP and EUR. In shale gas, we analyze the pore structure of the matrix using mercury intrusion data to provide a more realistic model of pore connectivity. In the present study, we propose two pore models: dead-end pores and Nooks and Crannies. In the first model, the void space consists of many dead-end pores with circular pore throats. The second model supposes that the void space contains pore throats with large aspect ratios that are connected through the rock. We analyze both the scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the shale and the effect of confining stress on the pore size distribution obtained from the mercury intrusion test to decide which pore model is representative of the in-situ condition. We conclude that the dead-end pores model is more representative. In addition, we study the effects of adsorbed layers of CH₄ and of gas slippage in pore walls on the flow behavior in individual conduits of simple geometry and in networks of such conduits. The network is based on the SEM image and drainage experiment in shale. To represent the effect of adsorbed gas, the effective size of each throat in the network depends on the pressure. The hydraulic conductance of each throat is determined based on the Knudsen number (Kn) criterion. The results indicate that laboratory measurements made with N₂ at ambient temperature and 5-MPa pressure, which is typical for the transient pulse decay method, overestimate the gas permeability in the early life of production by a factor of 4. This ratio increases if the measurement is run at ambient conditions because the low pressure enhances the slippage and reduces the thickness of the adsorbed layer. Moreover, the permeability increases nonlinearly as the in-situ pressure decreases during production. This effect contributes to mitigating the decline in production rates of shale gas wells. Laboratory data available in the literature for methane permeability at pressures below 7 MPa agree with model predictions of the effect of pressure.Petroleum and Geosystems Engineerin

Imitation vs. innovation in the SME sector

It is frequently mentioned that during economic crisis one of the key elements of strengthening SMEs is permanent renewal and capability of innovation. However, only some businesses are able to carry out classical product/service innovation (Schumpeter). We are of the opinion that observing the best practice, adoption and/or adaption – the imitation – should be given a higher function in everyday business life. From the point of view of business development, imitation can be more important than innovation. To find ideas worth imitating it is necessary to react and start to produce rapidly, at the right time and bring to the market the essentials of im itation. The aim of the paper is to give a theoretical overview of the interpretations of innovation and imitation. Sectoral features and regional differences determine the scope of development and renewal for existing enterprises. At the same time the knowledge of entrepreneurs regarding innovation is insufficient, thus a new paradigm is needed

Bilateral Vision Loss in a Patient Following Cardiac Surgery

Cardiac surgery describes any surgical procedure involving the heart or the blood vessels carrying blood to and from it. It is usually a safe surgery regarding the visual system; however, in rare cases, due to certain complications, a devasting consequence occurs, leading to total blindness in patients. In this regard, a central vision loss in a 62-year-old patient following cardiovascular surgery is reported

Alcohol dehydrogenase immobilization on functionalized carbon nano-tubes modified electrode

A thin layer of poly methylen green (PMG) was covered on glassy carbon (GC) electrode surface by electrochemical polymerization method. In the next step by dropping a suspension of carboxylic acid functionalized carbon nano-tubes on the PMG/GC electrode a layer of CNTs was coated on the electrode. Thereafter, to immobilize the enzyme on electrode surface, three layers of PMG, alcohol dehydrogenase and PMG were added to the modified electrode, respectively. The Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy and cyclic voltammetry measurements clearly confirmed the successful immobilization of enzyme on the GC electrode

A systematic review of proteomic biomarkers associated with risk stratification in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia

     Risk-based therapy protocols have dramatically improved survival rates in more than 80% of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (chALL). Prognostic biomarkers could be valuable for predicting the relapsed ALL patients and may therefore contribute to improving ALL outcome. Presently, there are little data on the role of prognostic biomarkers in the risk stratification of ALL. The aim of the present systematic review is to survey the identified prognostic biomarkers of chALL. In this study, protein-protein interaction of identified biomarkers was evaluated to reveal the biological pathways related to high risk chALL. To pursue this goal, firstly all relevant studies were collected through the PubMed and Google Scholar databases with no restrictions. Then, the biomarkers of high risk patients were recorded and finally protein-protein interaction of biomarkers was analyzed through using the STRING database. After screening 82 abstracts, three studies were included with 36 high risk and 33 low risk B-ALL participants. Totally, 142 biomarkers were investigated in this study. Protein interaction network analysis of biomarkers revealed two main pathways, namely ribosome and spliceosome. Dysregulation of two key pathways, ribosome and spliceosome can be associated with the high risk phenotype of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Retinal Screening of Patients Suffering from Bardet – Biedl Syndrome Using Electroretinography

Background: Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (BBS) is a complex genetic disorder that affects various systems in the body, including the visual system. The aim of this study is to investigate the adverse effects of BBS on the retina using Electroretinography (ERG). Material and Methods: In this case-control study, 10 BBS patients (6 males and 4 females) aged between 12 and 20 years were selected as the case group. Additionally, 10 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals with normal retinal function were included as the control group. ERG recordings were performed to measure the amplitude (µV) and latency (msec) of the ERG b-wave in both groups. Results: The mean age of the case group was 15.4 ± 3.06 years, and it was 15 ± 2.78 years in the control group. The mean visual acuity in the case group was 0.49 ± 0.14 (LogMAR), significantly different from the control group with a mean visual acuity of 0 ± 0 (LogMAR). The difference in visual acuity was statistically significant between the two groups. Furthermore, the case group showed significantly lower amplitude and higher latency of the ERG b-wave peak compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Bardet-Biedl Syndrome has adverse effects on the visual system, particularly the retina, resulting in a decrease in amplitude and an increase in the latency of the ERG b-wave. These findings indicate impaired retinal function in BBS patients, highlighting the importance of early detection and management of retinal abnormalities in individuals affected by this rare genetic disorder

Evaluating amount of satisfaction for visit capabilities and infrastructures of Gorgan city in separation of touristic entrance regions

The general aim of this research is evaluating amount of satisfaction for visit capabilities and infrastructures of Gorgan city in separation of touristic entrance regions. This study is applicable and explanatory-analytical method is used for study. Used statistical community is consisting entered tourists from seven touristic regions to Gorgan. In this study, probabilistic multistage cluster sampling method was used. So after calculation of sample numbers by using Kokeran’s formula, some regions were selected as research sample from all of touristic absorptions and questionnaires randomly were distributed among them and then were gathered. Anova test, Danken test and the mean of visitor’s opinions were employed for analysis of data. Also the graphical output of data was depicted through Arc Map software. The findings of research showed that Gorgan tourists have announced unsatisfaction of themselves about capabilities and touristic infrastructures of this city. Nevertheless among different regions there is a meaningful disagreeability. Finally with consideration to operated evaluations about satisfactory condition of tourists related to capabilities and infrastructures of the city for improving situation, suitable solutions have been offered

Evaluation of Obesity, Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Syndrome in Childhood Leukemia Survivors

Background: Leukemia is one of the most common malignancies in childhood, accounting for about 40 per million children under the age of 15 years. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia accounts for about 75% of these cases of leukemia. Regarding the improvement in life expectancy and the prolonged life of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, identifying the long-term complications and effects of treatment in patients is necessary.Methods: The present applied study is a cohort study based on the case-control method. In order to achieve the purpose of the study, 50 patients who had improved acute lymphoblastic leukemia were selected as a case group; the selections were conducted in a sequential manner in Mofid Children Hospital. 50 other people who had no history of ALL disease were selected as the control group. All information gathering processes including patient history, physical examination, and necessary tests were done by a pediatric hematology oncology subspecialties fellow and trained personnel with full supervision of Pediatric hematologist - oncologist. Blood samples were taken at 10-cc of fasting blood. Blood samples after centrifugation and storage at 20 ° C were used to measure serum fasting blood glucose, triglyceride (Slovak based on serum lipid profile), and insulin levels. All demographic information, BMI, clinical symptoms, laboratory tests, and treatments were recorded in both forms. Data were finally entered into SPSS version 21 and analyzed using the GEE method.Results: the incidence of obesity was significantly higher in patients with ALL as compared with the controls. The risk of obesity in ALL patients was found to be approximately 9 times higher than the controls. In this study 6 (12%) patients in cases and 4 (%8) patients in controls had metabolic syndrome. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in the incidence of metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and visceral obesity.Conclusion: It is suggested that after acute lymphoblastic leukemia treatment in children, in addition to regular follow up for disease recurrence, the patients should be monitored about metabolic syndrome or any of its components, especially weight gain, and obesity