Influence of Endomycorrhizal Fungi on the Growth of Tropical Plant Species

In Southeast Mexico, deforestation in tropical forests is considered an environmental concern. Deforestation favours the growth of plants that compete with species of interest, which generally present slow growth. In order to promote greater growth in less time of the forest species used in reforestation and two crops of regional interest, the effect of including Rhizophagus intraradices in the seed or the root system of seedlings were investigated to evaluate its influence on growth and allocation of dry matter in the aerial and radical part, in addition to the concentration of N, P and Ca. Also, two additional collections with morphological characteristics of Glomus sps were included in T. donnell-smithii. The results indicate that biofertilisation with R. intraradices induces increased growth and is differential in stem and root dry matter allocation over time, in addition to increasing nutrient content in plant tissue

Agricultura de temporal y seguridad alimentaria en familias campesinas, un estudio de caso en Puebla-México

We analyze inputs related to different strategies of social reproduction that help ensure food security, among provincial peasant families. Methodology employed qualitative techniques such as: in situ observation, semi-structured interviews, and quantitative techniques including: a closed-ended questionnaire that was applied to a statistically significant sample, along with statistical tests. The findings indicate efficiency for the strategies of those families who prioritize agricultural activities. Peasant families employ four strategies to guarantee their food security: monetary income, agricultural systems, collection of wild produce and the exchange of food products. In conclusion, identity and food culture in Calpan are affirmed by milpa cultivation and the home garden.Se analizan los aportes de diferentes estrategias de reproducción social de familias campesinas que les permiten garantizar la seguridad alimentaria. La metodología empleó técnicas cualitativas como: la observación in situ, entrevistas semi estructuradas, y cuantitativas como: la aplicación de un cuestionario de tipo cerrado aplicado a una muestra estadísticamente significativa y se aplicaron pruebas estadísticas. Los hallazgos indican eficiencia en las estrategias de las familias que priorizan las actividades agrícolas. Las familias campesinas cuentan con cuatro estrategias que garantizan su seguridad alimentaria: el ingreso monetario, la estructura agropecuaria, la recolección de bienes de la naturaleza y el intercambio de bienes alimenticios. En conclusión, la identidad y la cultura alimentaria en Calpan se afirman a través del cultivo de la milpa y el huerto familiar

Agroecological coverings for the sustainable production of Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.)

Objective: To evaluate the influence of living and dead covers on the yield and quality of rambutan fruits (Nephelium lappaceum L.) in Soconusco, Chiapas, Mexico. Design / methodology / approach: Five treatments were evaluated, two live covers, two dead covers and an always clean control without covers. The following were evaluated: plant height, crown volume, fruit quality, fruit yield (t ha-1). The data were analyzed under a randomized block experimental design. Results: All the agroecological modalities of hedging evaluated produced fruits with the quality required for national and international commercialization. Study limitations / implications: The morphological and physiological response of the crop can change with the age of the tree. Findings / conclusions: An agroecological management strategy is presented to develop rambutan cultivation in Soconusco region

Persistencia de producción campesina con base en el conocimiento local : el sistema cafetalero de Veracruz, México.

El estudio fue realizado en 14 núcleos agrarios del municipio de Amatlán de los Reyes, Veracruz., para actualizar el estado socioeconómico y productivo de los actores que tradicionalmente se han dedicado al cultivo de café cereza. Se aplicó el método de intervención social a través de un proceso de acercamiento, sensibilización, levantamiento de información primaria y foros participativos como primera fase, y posteriormente mediante la aplicación de una encuesta tipo informativa, estructurada con 547 variables de tipo X (cuantitativas), y 1130 variables del tipo Y (cualitativas), considerando los aspectos de características del informante, sistema de producción general y características de los cultivos principales. Se encontró que la actividad económica principal es el cultivo de café cereza, que ha sido sustituido y/o asociado con otras especies locales que representan ingresos económicos con mayor frecuencia que el café. Los principales recursos locales que han permitido la persistencia campesina son los follajes, flores y velillo de plátano, que se sostienen con la mano de obra familiar, y saben de sus usos debido al conocimiento transmitido en forma oral de abuelos a padres y de éstos a los hijos. La mayoría de actores rurales considera que estos recursos son susceptibles de generar nuevas redes de valor para las comunidades. _______________ PERSISTENCE OF RURAL PRODUCTION BASED ON LOCAL KNOWLEDGE: THE COFFEE SYSTEM OF VERACRUZ, MEXICO. ABSTRACT: The study was performed in 14 agrarian nucleuses of the Township Amatlán de los Reyes in the state of Veracruz, to update the productive and socioeconomic status of the producers that traditionally have been dedicated to the cultivation of cherry coffee. The social intervention method was applied through a process of causing sensitivity, rapport, gathering primary information and participatory forums as the first phase, and then by applying the information type survey, structured with 547 variables X type (quantitative), and 1130 variables Y type (qualitative), considering the aspects of the informant characteristics, general production system and the characteristics of the principal cultivations. It was found that the principal economic activity is the cultivation of cherry coffee that has been replaced and/or associated with other local species that represent with more frequency a higher economical income than the coffee. The main local resources that have allowed the peasant persistence are the flowers, foliage and banana veil, that are sustained by the family hand labor, and they know about their uses because of the knowledge transmitted from grandparents to parents and from these to the children. Most of the actors considered that these resources are likely to generate new value networks for communities

In vitro Organogenesis of Stevia rebaudiana Bert. with Different Explants and Growth Regulators

Objective: To evaluate various explants and growth regulators to improve the in vitro propagation of Stevia rebaudiana via organogenesis. Design / methodology / approach: Explants and growth regulators were evaluated at two concentrations. The explants were, nodal segment, axillary bud and apical meristem and the growth regulators Benzylaminopurine (BAP) 1,125 mgL-1 and 3.0 mgL-1, Naphthaleneacetic Acid (ANA) 1.5 mgL-1 and 3.0 mgL-1, and a Brassinosteroid CIDEF -4 (Br) 1.0 mgL-1 and 1.5 mgL-1. In total 18 treatments with 7 repetitions. In the induction, contamination, oxidation and survival were registered and in multiplication, number of leaves, height of regrowth and presence of roots.  Results: Differential response between explants was presented according to ontogenetic age in the induction and multiplication stage, the morphological components presented differences between the concentrations of growth regulators and explants with greater effectiveness when adding BAP in apical meristem. Study limitations / implications: The origin and age of the explants can induce differential growth in interaction with growth regulators. Findings / conclusions: The apical meristem explant has better advantages for the in vitro reproduction of Stevia rebaudiana by expressing less contamination and greater survival in the induction stage, even when it presented the highest oxidation of the explants, it did not influence the decrease in the survival of the same explants. Likewise, in the multiplication stage with apical meristem, the height, the number of leaves and the presence of roots increased. The values ??were more outstanding in interaction with BAPObjective: To evaluate various explants and growth regulators in order to improve invitro propagation of Stevia rebaudiana through organogenesis.Design/Methodology/Approach: Explants and growth regulators in two differentconcentrations were evaluated. The explants were nodal segment, axillary bud, andapical meristem; while the growth regulators were benzylaminopurine (BAP) at 1.125 mgL -1 and 3.0 mg L -1 , naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at 1.5 mg L -1 and 3.0 mg L -1 , andCIDEF-4 brassinosteroids (BRs) at 1.0 mg L -1 and 1.5 mg L -1 . In total 18 treatments withseven repetitions. Contamination, oxidation, and survival were recorded duringinduction; while leaf number, regrowth height, and root presence were recorded duringmultiplication.Results: At the induction stage there was a differential response between explantsaccording to their ontogenetic age; during multiplication, the morphological componentsshowed differences between concentrations of growth regulators and explants, withhigher effectiveness when adding BAP to apical meristems.Study Limitations/Implications: Both the origin and the age of explants can inducedifferential growth while interacting with growth regulators. Findings/Conclusions: Apical meristem explants showed better advantages for in vitroreproduction of S. rebaudiana since they present less contamination and higher survivalat the induction stage, even when exhibiting the highest oxidation among explants,which did not influence the decrease in their survival. At the multiplication stage withapical meristem, height, leaf number, and root presence were increased. Values werehigh when interacting with BAP

Crecimiento de Tabebuia donnell-smithii Rose inoculada con hongos micorrizogenos arbusculares y rizobacterias

Tabebuia donnell-smithii es un árbol maderable con importancia económica y ecológica en las regiones tropicales de México, cuyas poblaciones naturales han disminuido, debido, entre otras razones, a su lento crecimiento durante su establecimiento. Se investigó en plantas de Tabebuia el efecto en su crecimiento y nutrición de la inoculación con Rhizophagus intraradices, Azospirillum brasilense y Pseudomonas fluorescens. El hongo y las bacterias se aplicaron a las semillas en combinaciones de dos o tres de los siguientes microorganismos: A. brasilense 9 x 106 UFC g de turba-1, R. intraradices con 40 esporas g de suelo estéril-1 y raíces colonizadas al 95 % y P. fluorescens con 9 x 106 UFC g de turba-1 más el testigo. Se sembraron en macetas con una mezcla no estéril de suelo Andosol mólico y arena de río lavada, 1:1(v/v). En total se establecieron cinco tratamientos, con cinco repeticiones distribuidas en un diseño completamente al azar. Se realizaron cinco muestreos destructivos: el primero a los 45 días después de la siembra y los siguientes cada 28 días. Se registraron variables morfológicas y fisiológicas del rendimiento. Los tratamientos incrementaron el crecimiento de las plantas, con excepción de las dos bacterias juntas después de 158 días. El correspondiente a P. fluorescens - R. intraradices y el de los tres microorganismos indujeron más biomasa en el mayor número de componentes morfológicos y fisiológicos del rendimiento. El contenido más alto de N y P en el tejido vegetal se obtuvo con los tres microorganismos y con la combinación R. intraradices - A. brasilense

Sobrevivencia de Azospirillum brasilense después de aplicar herbicidas en Triticum aestivum L. Var. Altiplano

Herbicides are widely used in agriculture and are applied in various amounts that may directly or indirectly influence on soil microorganisms and their processes. In order to evaluate the survival of inoculated Azospirillum brasilense in the Altiplano variety of wheat to the application of two types of commercial herbicides, an organochlorine and, the other organophosphorus, the present experiment was established in the Ecozone, of the University of the Americas-Puebla, Mexico, under greenhouse conditions in 2009. The seeds were inoculated before planting with Azospirillum brasilense and, the herbicides were applied 40 days after. The treatments were applied: 1) uninoculated plants (absolute control); 2) inoculation with Azospirillun (inoculated control); 3) inoculated with Azospirillum plus herbicide application 2, 4, D, (organochlorine); 4) inoculated with Azospirillum plus glyphosate herbicide application (organophosphate); 5) without inoculation and applying herbicide 2, 4, D; and 6) without inoculation and application of glyphosate, in a completely randomized design with ten replicates. The survival of the bacteria in the root system was recorded through the use of the most probable number technique, recording the plant height and weight. The results indicated that, the two herbicides (2, 4, D and glyphosate),did not significantly affected the population of Azospirillum in the root. Plants inoculated with the bacteria, with or without herbicide treatment showed increased in biomass compared to the non-inoculated plants. Biomass increased with application 2, 4, D.Los herbicidas son ampliamente utilizados en la agricultura y se aplican en diversas cantidades que pueden influir directa o indirectamente en los microorganismos del suelo y sus procesos. Con el objetivo de evaluar la sobrevivencia de Azospirillum brasilense inoculado en la variedad altiplano de trigo a la aplicación de dos tipos de herbicidas comerciales, un organoclorado y otro organofosforado, se estableció el presente experimento en la Ecozona de la Universidad de las Américas-Puebla, México, en condiciones de invernadero en 2009. Las semillas se inocularon antes de la siembra con Azospirillum brasilense y los herbicidas se aplicaron 40 días después. Se establecieron los tratamientos: 1) plantas sin inocular (testigo absoluto); 2) inoculación con Azospirillun (testigo inoculado); 3) inoculación con Azospirillum más aplicación de herbicida 2, 4, D, (organoclorado): 4) inoculación con Azospirillum más aplicación de herbicida glifosato (organofosforado); 5) sin inoculación y aplicación de herbicida 2, 4, D; y 6) sin inoculación y aplicación de glifosato, en un diseño completamente al azar con diez repeticiones. Se registró la sobrevivencia de la bacteria en el sistema radical mediante la técnica número más probable y en la planta se registró su altura y peso. Los resultados indican que los dos herbicidas (2, 4, D y glifosato), no afectaron de manera significativa la población de Azospirillum presente en la raíz. Las plantas inoculadas con la bacteria, con o sin tratamiento de herbicida registraron mayor biomasa en comparación con las plantas sin inocular. La biomasa se incrementó con la aplicación 2, 4,

Hongo endomicorrízico y bacteria fijadora de nitrógeno inoculadas a Coffea arabica en vivero

In order to study the effectvof biofertilization of Coffea arabica L. with Azospirillumvbrasilense and Glomus intraradice a trial was established ina nursery at the experimental station Rosario Izapa, Chiapas, Mexico from September 2005 to April 2006. We used a Andosol-mollic soil typical of the Soconusco coffee region of Chiapas, Mexico. A. brasilense had a concentration of 100x 106 bacteria per gram of peat and the mycorrhizal fungi of 40 spores per gram of soil with 95% infection of the root system of onion. The treatments were the microorganism salone, the combination of both, and the control without microorganism, which were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Morphological and physiological yield components were evaluated every 30 days from the second month to seven months. The content of N, P and Ca in planttissue was determined. The results were analyzed statistically and differences between treatments were compared according to Tukey 5%. The results indicate a differential response of microorganisms. A. brasilense induced greaterroot development and the double symbiosis G. intraradices+ A. brasilense enhanced the development of stems and leaf blades. The content of N, P and Ca are presented in a manner consistent with G. intraradices.Conel objetivo de determinar el efecto de la inoculación con Azospirillum brasilense y Glomus intraradice en café, se estableció la presente investigación en un vivero en el Campo Experimental Rosario Izapa, Chiapas, México de septiembre de 2005 a abril de 2006. Se utilizó un suelo Andosol–mólicotípico de la región cafetalera del Soconusco Chiapas, México. El A. brasilense tuvo una concentración de 100 x106 bacterias por gramo de turba y el hongo micorrízico, cuarenta esporas por gramo de suelo con infección de 95%en el sistema radical de cebolla. Los tratamientos utilizados fueron los microorganismos solos, la combinación de ambos y el testigo sin inocular que se distribuyeron en un diseño de bloques completos al azar. Se evaluaron variables morfológicas y fisiológicas del rendimiento cada treinta días apartir del segundo mes de siembra durante siete meses y se determinó el contenido de N, P y Ca en el tejido vegetal. Los resultados se analizaron estadísticamente y las diferencias entre tratamientos se compararon de acuerdo a Tukey 5%.Los resultados indican una respuesta diferencial entre los microorganismos. A. brasilense indujo mayor desarrollo radical y la simbiosis doble G. intraradices + A. brasilense mejoró el desarrollo del tallo y lámina foliar. El contenido de N, P y Ca se presentó de forma consistente con G. intraradices

Hongo endomicorrízico y bacteria fijadora de nitrógeno inoculadas a Coffea arabica en vivero.

In order to study the effectvof biofertilization of Coffea arabica L. with Azospirillumvbrasilense and Glomus intraradice a trial was established ina nursery at the experimental station Rosario Izapa, Chiapas, Mexico from September 2005 to April 2006. We used a Andosol-mollic soil typical of the Soconusco coffee region of Chiapas, Mexico. A. brasilense had a concentration of 100x 106 bacteria per gram of peat and the mycorrhizal fungi of 40 spores per gram of soil with 95% infection of the root system of onion. The treatments were the microorganism salone, the combination of both, and the control without microorganism, which were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Morphological and physiological yield components were evaluated every 30 days from the second month to seven months. The content of N, P and Ca in planttissue was determined. The results were analyzed statistically and differences between treatments were compared according to Tukey 5%. The results indicate a differential response of microorganisms. A. brasilense induced greaterroot development and the double symbiosis G. intraradices+ A. brasilense enhanced the development of stems and leaf blades. The content of N, P and Ca are presented in a manner consistent with G. intraradices.Conel objetivo de determinar el efecto de la inoculación con Azospirillum brasilense y Glomus intraradice en café, se estableció la presente investigación en un vivero en el Campo Experimental Rosario Izapa, Chiapas, México de septiembre de 2005 a abril de 2006. Se utilizó un suelo Andosol–mólicotípico de la región cafetalera del Soconusco Chiapas, México. El A. brasilense tuvo una concentración de 100 x106 bacterias por gramo de turba y el hongo micorrízico, cuarenta esporas por gramo de suelo con infección de 95%en el sistema radical de cebolla. Los tratamientos utilizados fueron los microorganismos solos, la combinación de ambos y el testigo sin inocular que se distribuyeron en un diseño de bloques completos al azar. Se evaluaron variables morfológicas y fisiológicas del rendimiento cada treinta días apartir del segundo mes de siembra durante siete meses y se determinó el contenido de N, P y Ca en el tejido vegetal. Los resultados se analizaron estadísticamente y las diferencias entre tratamientos se compararon de acuerdo a Tukey 5%.Los resultados indican una respuesta diferencial entre los microorganismos. A. brasilense indujo mayor desarrollo radical y la simbiosis doble G. intraradices + A. brasilense mejoró el desarrollo del tallo y lámina foliar. El contenido de N, P y Ca se presentó de forma consistente con G. intraradices