Aguas de consumo humano y calidad de vida: caso comunidad “EL CACAO” Mozonte, Nueva Segovia

El Cacao Community, municipality of Mozonte, Nueva Segovia department is located to 234 km from the capital Managua. In winter they feed of the water of creeks and gullies, while in summer they feed of a water eye where there are some minimum installations for storage and distribution. Physicochemical studies, microbiological, pesticide and wave metals; determined the presence of diverse types of pollutants from chemically nature principally microbiological in these waters. It has shown that 123 persons use the source in study (54 % adults, 43% child and 3 % elders). The applied surveys to 24 family heads form El Cacao Community, show a relation between sanitary education and quality of the water, because the people lack of the knowledge of the hygienic sanitary procedure orientated to improvement of the living conditions. Demonstrating this way, the existing relation between educational level and the family´s income levels with the conditions of health observed and their relation with the water management form the source until the home. Concluding that the life expectancy of the persons in this community is low and this one below the national value (75.1 years).La comunidad El Cacao, municipio de Mozonte, departamento de Nueva Segovia está ubicada a 234 km de la capital Managua. En invierno se alimentan del agua de arroyos y quebradas, mientras que en verano se alimentan de un ojo de agua donde se han construido algunas instalaciones mínimas para el almacenamiento y distribución. Estudios fisicoquímicos, microbiológicos, de plaguicidas y metales pesados; determinaron la presencia de diversos tipos de contaminantes de naturaleza química y principalmente microbianos en estas aguas. Se determinó que 123 personas hacen uso de la fuente en estudio (54% adultos, 43% niños y 3% ancianos). Las encuestas aplicadas a 24 jefes de familia de la comunidad El Cacao, mostraron una relación entre la educación sanitaria y la calidad del agua, ya que los pobladores carecen del conocimiento de normas higiénico sanitarias orientadas al mejoramiento de las condiciones de vida. Evidenciando así la relación existente entre nivel educativo y niveles de ingreso por familia con las condiciones de salud observadas y su relación con el manejo del agua desde el acuífero hasta el hogar. Concluyéndose que la esperanza de vida de las personas en esta comunidad es baja y está por debajo del valor nacional (75.1 años)

Herramientas moleculares para estudiar las aguas de consumo humano del cacao, Mozonte, Nueva Segovia, Nicaragua

The principal microbiological indicators of the water quality for human consumption were determined by means of the most probable number (NMP) and the isolation joined identification by morphologic and molecular route of the microorganisms isolated from existing biofilm in the point of capture of the aquifer of the community El Cacao, city council Mozonte, Nueva Segovia. Sampling in 3 points: capture, storage and key of jet, and realizing analysis of the NMP, isolations, purification and morphologic tests in the laboratories of the National Program of Investigation Studies and Environmental Services (PIENSA) from National University of Engineering. The microbial sequences were in charge to Molecular Biology of the Central American University. The results indicate pollution by total coliforms, fecal and E.coli, which should be absent according to the norm of The Regional Committee of Institutions of Drinkable Water and sanitation of Central America, Panama and Dominican Republic (CAPRE). Bacterial were isolated from biofilm and identified as: Alcaligenes sp, Paenalcaligenes sp, Alcaligenes faecalis, Paenalcaligenes suwonensis, Proteus mirabilis, Serratia nematodiphilia and Stenotrophomona maltophilia. Filamentous fungi like Apergillus terreus and three isolated identified as aspergillus sp. These microorganisms have been reported in charge of diverse diseases transmitted by the water.Se determinaron los principales indicadores microbiológicos de la calidad del agua para consumo humano por medio del Numero Más Probable y se realizó el aislamiento e identificación por vía morfológica y molecular de los microorganismos aislados de la biopelícula existente en el punto de captación del acuífero de la comunidad El Cacao, municipio Mozonte, Nueva Segovia. Muestreando en 3 puntos: captación, almacenamiento y llave de chorro, y realizando análisis del número más probable (NMP), aislamientos, purificación y pruebas morfológicas en los laboratorios del Programa de Investigación Estudios Nacionales y Servicios Ambientales (PIENSA) de la Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. La secuenciación microbiana se encargó a Biología Molecular de la Universidad Centroamericana. Los resultados indican contaminación por coliformes totales, fecales y E.coli, que deberían estar ausentes según la norma del Comité de Instituciones de Agua Potable y Saneamiento de Centroamérica, Panamá y República Dominicana (CAPRE). De la biopelícula se aisló e identificó bacterias como: Alcaligenes sp, Paenalcaligenes sp, Alcaligenes faecalis, Paenalcaligenes suwonensis, Proteus mirabilis, Serratia nematodiphilia y Stenotrophomona maltophilia, y hongos filamentosos como Apergillus terreus y tres aislados identificados como aspergillus sp. Estos microorganismos se han reportado como responsables de diversas enfermedades transmitidas por el agua

Herramientas moleculares para estudiar las aguas de consumo humano del cacao, Mozonte, Nueva Segovia, Nicaragua

The principal microbiological indicators of the water quality for human consumption were determined by means of the most probable number (NMP) and the isolation joined identification by morphologic and molecular route of the microorganisms isolated from existing biofilm in the point of capture of the aquifer of the community El Cacao, city council Mozonte, Nueva Segovia. Sampling in 3 points: capture, storage and key of jet, and realizing analysis of the NMP, isolations, purification and morphologic tests in the laboratories of the National Program of Investigation Studies and Environmental Services (PIENSA) from National University of Engineering. The microbial sequences were in charge to Molecular Biology of the Central American University. The results indicate pollution by total coliforms, fecal and E.coli, which should be absent according to the norm of The Regional Committee of Institutions of Drinkable Water and sanitation of Central America, Panama and Dominican Republic (CAPRE). Bacterial were isolated from biofilm and identified as: Alcaligenes sp, Paenalcaligenes sp, Alcaligenes faecalis, Paenalcaligenes suwonensis, Proteus mirabilis, Serratia nematodiphilia and Stenotrophomona maltophilia. Filamentous fungi like Apergillus terreus and three isolated identified as aspergillus sp. These microorganisms have been reported in charge of diverse diseases transmitted by the water.Se determinaron los principales indicadores microbiológicos de la calidad del agua para consumo humano por medio del Numero Más Probable y se realizó el aislamiento e identificación por vía morfológica y molecular de los microorganismos aislados de la biopelícula existente en el punto de captación del acuífero de la comunidad El Cacao, municipio Mozonte, Nueva Segovia. Muestreando en 3 puntos: captación, almacenamiento y llave de chorro, y realizando análisis del número más probable (NMP), aislamientos, purificación y pruebas morfológicas en los laboratorios del Programa de Investigación Estudios Nacionales y Servicios Ambientales (PIENSA) de la Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. La secuenciación microbiana se encargó a Biología Molecular de la Universidad Centroamericana. Los resultados indican contaminación por coliformes totales, fecales y E.coli, que deberían estar ausentes según la norma del Comité de Instituciones de Agua Potable y Saneamiento de Centroamérica, Panamá y República Dominicana (CAPRE). De la biopelícula se aisló e identificó bacterias como: Alcaligenes sp, Paenalcaligenes sp, Alcaligenes faecalis, Paenalcaligenes suwonensis, Proteus mirabilis, Serratia nematodiphilia y Stenotrophomona maltophilia, y hongos filamentosos como Apergillus terreus y tres aislados identificados como aspergillus sp. Estos microorganismos se han reportado como responsables de diversas enfermedades transmitidas por el agua

Cardiovascular risk biomarkers and metabolically unhealthy status in prepubertal children: Comparison of definitions

Background and aims: The early onset of cardio-metabolic abnormalities, known as metabolically unhealthy (MU) status, is highly associated with obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD), as well as with increased morbidity and mortality later in life. Given the lack of a consensus MU classification for prepubertal children, we aimed to compare available MU definitions in terms of their association with CVD risk biomarkers. Methods and results: A total of 930 prepubertal children (622 with overweight/obesity, 462 males) aged 5–10.9 years were recruited, anthropometric measures were taken and biomarkers were analyzed. Children were classified using eight MU definitions based on different cut-offs for blood pressure, triacylglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glucose and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). MU prevalence in children with overweight/obesity ranged between 30% and 60% across definitions. Plasma concentrations of resistin, leptin, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and total plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (tPAI-1) were higher, and those of adiponectin were lower, in MU compared to MH children with overweight/obesity. Linear regression analyses confirmed the contribution of MPO and tPAI-1 concentrations to MU status, with most significant results derived from definitions that use age and sex-specific criteria and that account for HOMA-IR. Conclusion: Plasma concentrations of MPO and tPAI-1 are increased in prepubertal MU children irrespective of having normal-weight or overweight/obesity. Inclusion of age and sex-specific cut-offs for cardio-metabolic components as well as insulin resistance criteria increases the quality of MU definitions as seen by their stronger association with CVD biomarkers concentrations

Evaluation of Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activity Levels Using Different Accelerometry Protocols in Children from the GENOBOX Study

Background Physical activity (PA) has acquired a significant relevance due to the health benefits associated with its practice. Accelerometers are an effective tool to assess PA; however, the diversity of cut-off points used to define different PA intensities through accelerometry could interfere in the interpretation of the findings among studies. Objectives The present study aimed to examine the sedentary behavior (SB) and physical activity (PA) levels in children using six selected accelerometry protocols based on diverse cut-off points. Methods Clinical examination, anthropometric measurements, and PA evaluation by accelerometry were assessed in 543 selected children (10 +/- 2.4 years old) from the Spanish GENOBOX study. The ActiLife data scoring program was used to determine daily min spent in SB, and light, moderate, vigorous and moderate-vigorous PA using six validated accelerometry protocols differing in their cut-off points. Results Very different estimations for SB and PA intensity levels were found in children, independently of the non-wear-time algorithm selected, and considering puberty stages, age and body mass index. The time spent in daily SB varied from 471 to 663.7 min, PA ranged from 141 to 301.6 min, and the moderate-vigorous PA was reported between 20.7 and 180.2 min. Conclusion The choice of a particular accelerometry protocol considering these factors is important to evaluate SB or PA intensities to suit the characteristics of the sample researched. It seems necessary to establish future lines of research that include different analytical approaches to measure SB and PA by accelerometry based on standardized and validated methodology

The vitamin D decrease in children with obesity is associated with the development of insulin resistance during puberty: The PUBMEP study

Obesity and cardiometabolic risk have been associated with vitamin D levels even in children. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the association between insulin resistance (IR), cardiometabolic risk factors, and vitamin D in children from prepubertal to pubertal stages. A total of 76 children from the PUBMEP study, aged 4–12 years at baseline, were included. Children were evaluated in prepubertal and pubertal stages. Anthropometric measurements and selected cardiometabolic risk biomarkers, such as plasma glucose, blood lipids, insulin, adiponectin, leptin, and blood pressure, and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) were determined. Children were categorized by obesity degree and IR status combined before and after puberty. Paired t-test and multivariate linear regression analyses were conducted. During puberty, the increase in triacylglycerols, insulin, and HOMA-IR and the decrease in QUICKI were significantly associated with the reduction in 25(OH)D (B = -0.274, p = 0.032; B = -0.219, p = 0.019; B = -0.250, p = 0.013; B = 1.574, p = 0.013, respectively) after adjustment by BMI-z, sex, and pubertal stage. Otherwise, prepubertal non-IR children with overweight/obesity that became IR during puberty showed a significant decrease in 25(OH)D and HDL-c, and an increase in waist circumference and triacylglycerol concentrations (p < 0.05 for all) over time. These results suggest that changes in IR seem to be associated with an effect on 25(OH)D levels during puberty, especially in children with overweight. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

Dietary patterns and their association with body composition and cardiometabolic markers in children and adolescents: Genobox cohort

Diet is a key factor for obesity development; however, limited data are available on dietary cluster analysis in children with obesity. We aimed to assess the associations between dietary patterns and obesity and several cardiometabolic markers. Anthropometry, bioelectrical impedance, blood pressure and plasma biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation and endothelial damage were determined in 674 Caucasian children, aged 5–16, with normal or excess weight. Using a food frequency questionnaire and cluster analysis, two consistent dietary patterns were shown, labeled as health conscious (HC) and sweet and processed (SP). The HC pattern included a greater proportion of participants with overweight/obesity than the SP cluster (80.1% vs. 63.8%). However, children with obesity within the HC cluster, showed less abdominal fat, through waist to hip (0.93 vs. 0.94) and waist to height (0.61 vs. 0.63) indexes (p < 0.01). Univariate general models showed several additional differences in cardiometabolic risk biomarkers in the global and stratified analyses, with a healthier profile being observed mainly in the HC cluster. However, multivariate models questioned these findings and pointed out the need for further studies in this field. Anyhow, our findings support the benefits of a healthy diet and highlight the importance of dietary patterns in the cardiometabolic risk assessment of children with overweight/obesity, beyond weight control

La bioprospección en nicaragua: avances en la búsqueda de aplicaciones agrícolas, industriales y ambientales

Nicaragua belongs to one of the mega diversity blocs of the world. Since it is considering to be a geographic bridge, it possesses a privileged tropical position that translates into more than 20 different rich ecosystems in biodiversity. Due to bio-prospecting we understand the research in order to identify species, variety, genes and products with potential or actuals current uses for the human beings. The bio-prospecting advances reported in this article, has permitted until to date, to obtain 92 isolated forms in the Pedro Lazo cheese handcrafted company (76 bacterial, 3 yeast fungus type and 13 isolate filamentous fungus type). A total of 68 isolate in the handcrafted mine from la Libertad, Chontales (44 isolated bacterial, 6 yeast fungus type and 18 isolated filamentous funguses type). From the ecological reserve, El Chocoyero / El Brujo, 44 pure isolated were obtained (22 bacterial and 22 filamentous fungus). Finally; from Rio Chiquito in Leon city, 51 pure isolated were obtained (43 isolated bacterial, 7 filamentous fungi and 1 yeast fungi type). In summary: 255 isolate were obtained between bacterial, filamentous fungus and fungi yeast type, in which we expect to find many isolated with enormous biotechnological potentials.Nicaragua pertenece a uno de los bloques de mega diversidad del mundo. Se considera que por ser un puente geográfico posee una posición tropical privilegiada que se traduce en más de 20 diferentes ecosistemas ricos en biodiversidad. Por Bioprospección entendemos la investigación realizada para identificar especies, variedades, genes y productos con usos actuales o potenciales por parte de la humanidad. Los trabajos de Bioprospección reportados por medio de estos avances, han permitido que la fecha se cuente con 92 aislados de la quesera artesanal Pedro lazo (76 bacterias, 3 hongos levaduriformes y 13 aislados de hongos filamentosos). Un total de 68 aislados de las minas artesanales de La Libertad, Chontales (44 aislados bacterianos, 6 hongos levaduriformes y 18 aislados de hogos filamentosos). De la reserva ecológica El Chocoyero / El Brujo, se obtuvieron 44 aislados puros (22 son bacterias y los otros 22 son hongos filamentosos). Finalmente; Del Río Chiquito en la ciudad de León, se obtuvo 51 aislados puros (43 son aislados bacterianos, 7 son hongos filamentosos y 1 es un hongo levaduriforme). Para un gran total de: 255 aislados entre bacterias, hongos filamentosos y levaduriformes, entre los cuales se espera encontrar muchos con enormes potencialidades biotecnológicas

Robustness testing in the determination of seven drugs in animal muscle by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

In this work, the robustness of the sample preparation procedure for the determination of six tranquilizers (xylazine, azaperone, propionylpromazine, chlorpromazine, haloperidol, and azaperol) and a beta-blocker (carazolol) in animal muscle by LC/MS–MS was assessed through the experimental design methodology. A 2III7 − 4 fractional factorial design was performed to evaluate the influence of seven variables on the final concentration of the seven drugs in the samples, in accordance with what is laid down in Commission Decision No 2002/657/EC. The variation considered for each of those seven factors is likely to happen when preparing the samples, being the values chosen as level − 1, the nominal operating conditions. The results of the experimentation were evaluated from different statistical strategies, such as hypothesis testing using an external variance previously estimated, Lenth's method, and Bayesian analysis. Both Lenth's and Bayes' approaches enabled to determine the effect of every variable even though no degrees of freedom were left to estimate the residual error. The same conclusion about the robustness of the extraction step was reached from the three methodologies, namely, none of the seven factors examined influenced on the method performance significantly, so the sample preparation procedure was considered to be robust.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (CTQ2011-26022) and MINECO (CTQ2014- 53157-R)

ANGPTL-4 is associated with obesity and lipid profile in children and adolescents

Angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL-4) regulates lipidic metabolism and a_ects energy homeostasis. However, its function in children with obesity remains unknown. We investigated plasma ANGPTL-4 levels in children and its relationship with body mass index (BMI) and di_erent lipidic parameters such as free fatty acids (FFA). Plasma ANGPTL-4 levels were analyzed in two di_erent cohorts. In the first cohort (n = 150, age 3-17 years), which included children with normal weight or obesity, we performed a cross-sectional study. In the second cohort, which included only children with obesity (n = 20, age 5-18 years) followed up for two years after an intervention for weight loss, in which we performed a longitudinal study measuring ANGPTL-4 before and after BMI-loss. In the cross-sectional study, circulating ANGPTL-4 levels were lower in children with obesity than in those with normal weight. Moreover, ANGPTL-4 presented a negative correlation with BMI, waist circumference, weight, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index (HOMA index), triglycerides, and leptin, and a positive correlation with FFA and vitamin-D. In the longitudinal study, the percent change in plasma ANGPTL-4 was correlated with the percent change in FFA, total-cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. This study reveals a significant association of ANGPTL-4 with pediatric obesity and plasma lipid profile