Pollination Syndromes: A Global Pattern of Convergent Evolution Driven by the Most Effective Pollinator

Convergent evolution of floral traits driven by pollinators has resulted in fl oral syndromes shared among different plant lineages. However, the flowers of many plant species are often visited by different pollinator groups, which apparently contradict the idea of syndromes. Here, we demonstrate that the most efficient pollinators consistently correspond to the ones predicted by the syndrome, and the predictive accuracy of the syndrome tends to be higher for species pollinated exclusively by one functional group than for species pollinated by more than one functional group. Secondary pollinator functional groups affected deferentially the relative efficiency of the primary pollinator depending of the syndrome. The most frequent secondary pollinator group of a given syndrome is also the least efficient one. Floral symmetry did not influence predictability of pollination syndromes. Except for the bee-syndrome plants, pollination syndromes were more effective on plants that depend strongly on animal pollination than on less dependent plants. Last, effective pollinators for each fl oral syndrome were better predicted for plants from tropical regions, particularly for the bat, bee, and bird syndromes. Our results have implications on the effects of global change on floral evolution and suggest that current suites of fl oral traits in most plant species have the potential to adapt to new conditions under changing selective pollination environments.Fil: Ashworth, Lorena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Aguilar, Ramiro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Martén Rodriguez, Silvana. Instituto de Ecología; MéxicoFil: Lopez Araiza, Martha. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas; MéxicoFil: Avila Sakar, German. University Of Winnipeg; CanadáFil: Quesada, Mauricio. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas; Méxic

LA ADMINISTRACIÓN DEL CAPITAL HUMANO EN LAS ORGANIZACIONES DEL SECTOR RURAL: CASO DE PROCESADORA DE LÃCTEOS “TRES MARÃAS†S. DE R.L. MI, DE MEOQUI, CHIH.

The human capital of all company, is the most valuable asset, to operate and to achieve the success of all organization, this work has the purpose of obtain a diagnosis of the human capital in a company of the agritechnological sector denominated Dairy Processor of “Three Marias†S. of R.L. MI, founded in the information, that allow to identify the opportunities for the improvement of the company, development, growth and innovation. The personnel of the company is integrated by simple and humble personnel, compromised with they work and their family. The present work allowed to demonstrate that the agritechnological companies are developed in an integral way, and also that they need to technify their activities, to organize in order to obtain majors achievements and to lower the production costs. For which they require enabled personnel that unifies efforts to make possible the plans and projects of the organization and as a consequence a sufficient margin of gains. Nevertheless, it is impossible that the General Director takes care of all the functional areas of the company (Administration, Human Capital, Production and Marketing), as indicates the diagnosis study where a small company realizes multiples tasks and generate products of quality with a few capital human, nevertheless, is necessary to define the profile and the functions who each position requires, that is in charge of all the processes involved in the decision making about the personnel, obtaining with this an increase in the effectiveness and efficiency of his personnel.Human capital, dairy processor, agritechnological., Agribusiness,

Performance evaluation trhu the 360 degrees method and by evaluation factors in a mexican company

La evaluación del desempeño (ED) es un proceso que valora y califica el desempeño de los trabajadores contra objetivos preestablecidos al puesto y, por consiguiente, conceptúa a la organización. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el desempeño del personal utilizando dos métodos; el de evaluación 360 grados y el de factores de evaluación. El método 360 grados es una herramienta de gestión de recursos humanos que pretende, a partir de los objetivos organizacionales, valorar las conductas y actitudes que definen el modo en que cada persona está llevando a cabo su tarea. El método de factor de evaluación está relacionado con el puesto y las características del personal. La naturaleza de la investigación fue cuantitativa, de tipo empírico aplicada,de forma descriptiva y modo de campo con soporte bibliográfico y/o documental. Los resultados resaltaron, que la empresa necesita asumir una actitud de flexibilidad, que le permita modificar los esquemas de promoción de carrera, de retribución, normatividad y de comunicación para que la organización obtenga mejores resultados y eleve su desempeño. Otro resultado importante, fue que el éxito en una ED es identificar las metas, seguido de la comunicación de éstas a los interesados y el establecimiento de criterios de desempeño.Performance evaluation is a process that evaluates and rates the performance of the workforce regarding to predefined objectives of positions, and therefore with this process also the organization is assessed. The aim of this research was to evaluate the personnel performance by the 360 degree evaluation method and by evaluation factors as well. The first method mentioned is a tool for human resource management, pretending, from the organizational objectives, to evaluate the behavior and attitudes that define the way each person is carrying out his task; and the second is a method which is related to the position and personal characteristics. The nature of this research was quantitative, applied empirical type, descriptive, and field research with bibliographic and/or documental support. Among the results obtained it is emphasized that the company needs to take an attitude of flexibility that allows it to modify its career promotion, remuneration, normative and communication schemes, in order to improve its results and increase its performance. Another important conclusion was that success of a performance evaluation is to identify the goals, follow for the communication of these to interested parties, and the establishment of performance criteria

Biofemme. Prótesis para todas

ITESO, A.C

Biofemme. Prótesis para todas

ITESO, A.C

Impact of orange essential oil on enteric methane emissions of heifers fed bermudagrass hay

In this study, the effects of orange essential oil (OEO) on the rumen fermentation, nutrient utilization, and methane (CH₄) emissions of beef heifers fed a diet of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) were examined. In addition, in vitro and in situ experiments were conducted. The in vitro experiment consisted of three treatments: control (CTL, no OEO), OEO1 (0.25% OEO), and OEO2 (0.5% OEO). The forage to concentrate ratio was 70:30 (dry matter [DM] basis) in all treatments. No changes in pH, proportions of volatile fatty acids, and the acetate:propionate ratio were observed (P > 0.05). The addition of 0.25% OEO resulted in a reduction in CH₄ production (mL/g) relative to the control (P 0.05). In the in vivo study, six crossbred beef heifers (Bos indicus × Bos taurus), fitted with rumen cannulas, were assigned to three different treatments: no additive (CTL), 0.25% OEO (OEO1), and 0.5% OEO (OEO2) in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square (21-day periods). Heifers were fed at 2.8% body weight. In vivo CH₄ production was measured in open-circuit respiration chambers. Reductions in gross energy consumption, apparent total tract digestibility, and rumen valerate concentration were observed for OEO2 compared to the control (P < 0.05). Additionally, decreases in CH₄ emissions (g/day; P < 0.05) and CH4 (MJ gross energy intake/day; P < 0.05) were observed in response to supplementation of 0.5% OEO as compared to the CTL treatment. Thus, supplementation of 0.5% OEO reduced CH₄ emissions (g/day) by 12% without impacting the DM intake of heifers fed bermudagrass hay as a basal ration

Evaluación del rendimiento de algodón (Gossypium hirsutum L) con cuatro niveles de humedad aprovechable en suelo franco en el Valle de Mexicali

En el Valle de Mexicali, Baja California, durante el subciclo primavera-verano 2005, se sembraron 30 mil ha de algodonero, dándose riego superficial en surcos con número indistinto de aplicaciones determinadas empíricamente por el agricultor, obteniéndose rendimientos variables por falta de conocimiento en aplicación del riego para suministrar humedad y obtener máximos rendimientos. El objetivo del presente estudio, fue evaluar cuatro niveles de humedad aprovechable en el suelo antes del riego (20, 40, 60 y 80 %) sobre rendimiento del algodonero. Se construyó una función de respuesta que permite predecir la ganancia de algodón en hueso. Se evaluó la variedad precoz Delta Pine 565 en dos etapas fenológicas (X1 y X2), donde X1, comprende desde la germinación hasta el inicio de la floración y X2 del inicio de la floración (50 % de plantas con flores) hasta la formación de capullos. Para cuantificar el balance hídrico, se midió humedad en suelo con una sonda de neutrones en capas de 15 cm hasta una profundidad de 105 cm. Se utilizó un arreglo factorial (42) y el análisis estadístico de la información se realizó por un modelo de regresión múltiple y análisis de varianza. El mejor ajuste (R2=0.72) se obtuvo con la función Y= 0.6705553+0.15830168X2 - 0.0014X2 2. El ANOVA mostró diferencias significativas (P < .05) entre tratamientos. Los valores X1 y X2 más favorables de humedad aprovechable fueron 35 % y 57 % respectivamente. Los resultados indican que la humedad aprovechable en la segunda etapa presentó mayor efecto sobre el rendimiento de algodón en hueso. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54167/tecnociencia.v2i3.7

Selection of Sites for the Treatment and the Final Disposal of Construction and Demolition Waste, Using Two Approaches: An Analysis for Mexico City

This paper proposes a solution to the current problems of Mexico City (Ciudad de M&eacute;xico) with respect to construction and demolition waste, through a spatial analysis to locate a waste treatment and disposal infrastructure. Two analysis methodologies, specifically the multi-criteria evaluation technique and network analysis, are used with the support of geographic information systems. The results of the multi-criteria evaluation technique indicate that the most suitable places for this infrastructure location are in the south and southeast of the study area, in the Tlalpan, Milpa Alta, Xochimilco and Cuajimalpa boroughs. The results of the network analysis technique indicate that four facilities strategically located in Miguel Hidalgo, Gustavo A. Madero, Tlahuac and Tlalpan boroughs would permit the provision of service to almost all waste generation points in the study area. Decision makers in Mexico City can use either of the two approaches. If the objective is to find the best location of a single place for the treatment or disposal of huge amounts of waste, the results obtained with the multi-criteria evaluation technique should be used. On the other hand, if waste treatment is favored over final disposal, decision makers should use the results of the network analysis technique

Diseño de infraestructura para el manejo de los residuos sólidos y líquidos en comunidades rurales del Municipio de Atoyac de Álvarez, Guerrero

Diseño de infraestructura para el manejo de los residuos sólidos y líquidos en comunidades rurales del municipio de Atoyac de Álvarez, Guerrer

Evaluation of the Toxicity of Cafeteria Wastewater Treated by a Coupled System (ARFB-SD)

In developing countries, achieving greater coverage in the treatment and safe reuse of graywater is a pending task. Therefore, this article presents the results obtained from cafeteria wastewater treatability tests and effluent toxicity tests. For the treatment, a serial system was applied: an aged refuse filled bioreactor (ARFB) and a solar distiller (SD). In the first stage (ARFB), two hydraulic loads (HLs) were tested (200 and 400 L/m3&middot;day), the latter being the best of them, with an average decrease of 95.7% in chemical oxygen demand (COD). In the second stage (SD), the decrease was 62.8%, resulting in a final effluent with 67.7 mg/L COD, which corresponded to a global COD decrease of 97.4%. For the toxicity tests, radish seeds were used in the serial system effluent, obtaining a relative seed germination (RSG) rate of 93.3% compared to 80% obtained in the ARFB effluent. For the percentage germination index (PGI), it was determined that both effluents (ARFB and ARFB-SD) presented a toxicity considered low, especially the ARFB-SD effluent whose PGI value was close to zero (&minus;0.0667). The results obtained showed not only that the ARFB-SD system is efficient in removing the high organic load that can go along with cafeteria wastewater, but also that it can provide an effluent with a very low toxicity level based on the PGI close to zero