SARS-CoV-2 uses CD4 to infect T helper lymphocytes

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the agent of a major global outbreak of respiratory tract disease known as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 infects mainly lungs and may cause several immune-related complications, such as lymphocytopenia and cytokine storm, which are associated with the severity of the disease and predict mortality. The mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 infection may result in immune system dysfunction is still not fully understood. Here, we show that SARS-CoV-2 infects human CD4+ T helper cells, but not CD8+ T cells, and is present in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage T helper cells of severe COVID-19 patients. We demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (S) directly binds to the CD4 molecule, which in turn mediates the entry of SARS-CoV-2 in T helper cells. This leads to impaired CD4 T cell function and may cause cell death. SARS-CoV-2-infected T helper cells express higher levels of IL-10, which is associated with viral persistence and disease severity. Thus, CD4-mediated SARS-CoV-2 infection of T helper cells may contribute to a poor immune response in COVID-19 patients.</p

SARS-CoV-2 uses CD4 to infect T helper lymphocytes

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the agent of a major global outbreak of respiratory tract disease known as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 infects mainly lungs and may cause several immune-related complications, such as lymphocytopenia and cytokine storm, which are associated with the severity of the disease and predict mortality. The mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 infection may result in immune system dysfunction is still not fully understood. Here, we show that SARS-CoV-2 infects human CD4+ T helper cells, but not CD8+ T cells, and is present in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage T helper cells of severe COVID-19 patients. We demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (S) directly binds to the CD4 molecule, which in turn mediates the entry of SARS-CoV-2 in T helper cells. This leads to impaired CD4 T cell function and may cause cell death. SARS-CoV-2-infected T helper cells express higher levels of IL-10, which is associated with viral persistence and disease severity. Thus, CD4-mediated SARS-CoV-2 infection of T helper cells may contribute to a poor immune response in COVID-19 patients.</p

Monitoring and evaluation of the project: a description of the data detected

Il contributo propone i risultati della ricerca sociale e della valutazione condotta per il progetto Provid

Co-development as transnational governance: An analysis of the engagement of local authorities and migrant organizations in Madrid

Fauser M. Co-development as transnational governance: An analysis of the engagement of local authorities and migrant organizations in Madrid. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 2014;40(7):1060-1078.This article provides an analysis of the co-development engagement of local authorities and migrant organisations from the city of Madrid. 'Co-development' has become a key notion that relates to the transnational involvement of migrants in development (cooperation). It is argued that co-development serves as transnational governance in which local authorities and migrant organisations collaborate and where links are established between integration, development and migration control and management. In order to analyse and understand these forms of engagement, the article combines an approach to the rescaling of governance with a transnational perspective on cities and migrants

Separação óptica do material cerâmico dos agregados mistos de resíduos de construção e demolição

A remoção de resíduos de cerâmica vermelha dos agregados mistos procedentes de resíduos de construção e demolição (RCD) deve ser priorizada para este material possa ser utilizado para a confecção de concreto. Isso pode ser realizado por meio de diferentes técnicas de processamento mineral, com princípios de separação, eficiência, custos e impactos ambientais distintos. A principal vantagem da separação óptica é o uso reduzido de água ou energia quando comparado com outros processos industriais. Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar os produtos obtidos por separação óptica de RCD mistos, com foco na remoção da cerâmica vermelha e conseguinte redução da porosidade dos agregados reciclados para uso em concreto. A remoção da cerâmica vermelha viabiliza a obtenção de um agregado reciclado essencialmente composto de concreto, com menor porosidade e cuja absorção de água varia entre 4% e 7%. No Brasil, teores de até 5% de cerâmica vermelha são esperados no produto (agregado triado), e a produção de concretos de 20 a 30 MPa torna-se viável com esse material