Aplikasi Rajutan Bambu Sebagai Tulangan Balok Beton

Need for the use of reinforced concrete in housing construction will increase along with the rapid population growth. This increases the need for steel reinforcement as a major component. The increase in need for steel reinforcement will trigger a price increase so that it becomes expensive and scarce. Iron ore as a raw material for making steel reinforcement is a mineral that can not be renewed. Therefore, efforts to use alternatives to steel reinforcement in concrete. Bamboo has good mechanical properties and a high ratio between strength and weight. Bamboo has a tensile strength is high, between 100-400 MPa, nearly matching the tensile strength equivalent to steel reinforcement ½ to ¼ of iron ultimate voltage (Widjaja, 2001) and (Surjokusumo and Nugroho, 1993) showed similar results and by the Moriscos, 1996 that the tensile strength of bamboo can reach 1280 kg / cm2. Bamboo can be used as the material of reinforced concrete. This study aims to determine the capacity of the bending beam with reinforcement of bamboo, bamboo reinforced beam deflection capacity. This experiment is a concrete beam bending test. The results showed that bamboo reinforced concrete beam has a maximum capacity reached 56.61% of the maximum capacity of steel reinforced concrete

New non-toxic biocompatible dianionic ionic liquids that enhance the solubility of oral drugs from BCS class II

The authors thank Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, FCT/ MCTES (Portugal) for financial support through an Investigator contract (IF/00621/2015 – P.M. Reis), and through projects IF/00621/2015 and CryoDES (PTDC/EQU-EQU/29851/2017). This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, under grant agreement No ERC-2016-CoG 725034. This work was also partially supported by the Associate Laboratory for Green Chemistry - LAQV which is financed by national funds from FCT/MCTES (UIDB/50006/2020 and UIDP/50006/2020) The NMR spectrometers are part of The National NMR Facility, supported by FCT/MCTES (RECI/BBB-BQB/0230/2012). The authors are grateful for important discussions with PhD Wagner Silva about two-dimensional NOESY 1H-1H experiments.New dianionic ionic liquids (ILs) based on carboxylic anions and ammonium cations were prepared and characterized. They were used as excipients to increase the solubility of two model oral drugs of BCS class II, ibuprofen and piroxicam. With only 0.2 mol% (≈100 mM) of [N4 1 1 2OH]2[C4H4O4], the solubility increases over 40-fold and 2-fold for ibuprofen, when compared with the parent drug for water and phosphate buffer solution (PBS) 0.01M pH=7.4, respectively. With only 0.02 mol% of [N4 1 1 2OH]2[C4H4O4] it is possible to achieve a water solubility of ≈600 mg/L, in only 5 min at 37°C, corresponding to one dose of ibuprofen that an adult can take. Piroxicam also showed an increase of 20-fold and 1.5-fold for water and PBS respectively, with [N4 1 1 2OH]2[C4H4O4] and [N4 1 1 2OH]2[C5H6O4]. The lipophilicity (logP) of both drugs decreased in the presence of these compounds. The cytotoxicity profile of several of these ILs was determined, and all except [N4 1 1 2OH]2[C3H2O4] have an IC50 higher than 100 mM for fibroblasts L929 cells.publishersversionpublishe

Measurement tools to assess education and psychosocial support of pulmonary rehabilitation in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic literature review

Introduction and objectives: Education and psychosocial support is a core component of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR). Nevertheless, measurement tools used to assess the effects of this component of PR have been scarcely investigated. Thus, this systematic literature review aimed to identify which measurement tools have been used to assess education and psychosocial support of PR in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD.) Methods: A systematic search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science in February 2021. Articles were screened and inclusion decided by two independent researchers. Randomised control studies, quasi-experimental and pre-post studies, which included people with COPD enrolled in a PR programme, with exercise and education and psychosocial support, were included. The same two independent researchers extracted the data to a standardised table. Results: A total of 7112 studies were screened and 9 studies were included. 1121 people with COPD (68.69 ± 8.98 years old, 30.78% female, FEV1pp 53.25 ± 19.04%) were enrolled in the included studies. A total of 9 measurement tools were identified and the most reported was the Bristol COPD Knowledge Questionnaire (BCKQ) (n = 3, 33.3%). Other measurement tools were found, such as the Patient Activation Measure (PAM) (n = 1, 11.1%), the Education Specific Questionnaire (ESQ) (n = 1, 11.1%), the Lung Information Needs Questionnaire (LINQ) (n = 1, 11.1%), the COPD Knowledge Test (n = 1, 11.1%), the Pulmonary Disease Knowledge Test (PDKT) (n = 1, 11.1%), the Health Education Impact Questionnaire (heiQ) (n = 1, 11.1%), the Understanding COPD Questionnaire (UCOPD) (n = 1, 11.1%) and the Knowledge Assessment Questionnaire (n = 1, 11.1%). Conclusions: This review has shown that there are nine measurement tools available to assess the effects of education and psychosocial support of PR in people with COPD. The most reported has been the BCKQ however, few studies assessing this component in PR programmes have been conducted. Given the importance of education and psychosocial support of PR for people with COPD, future research is urgently needed to provide recommendations on the most suitable measurement tools and promote its routine assessment.publishe

Implantação e ativação de viveiro na comunidade Água Boa 2, município de Rio Pardo de Minas, MG.

Resumo - A evasão sazonal de filhos de agricultores é um evento frequente na comunidade de Água Boa 2 na busca de trabalho fora do município de Rio Pardo de Minas, como colhedores de café no Sul de Minas e no Estado de São Paulo ou em eucaliptais na própria região. Tendo uma área de cultivo de cerca de três hectares, a agricultura não é mais suficiente para gerar alimento e sustento da família, obrigando a busca de outras fontes de renda. O extrativismo de fibras, frutos, artesanato, além do carvão vegetal é também uma alternativa de renda. Algumas mulheres preferem não ter entes da família afastados por meses para trabalhar, enquanto outras acompanham os maridos com seus filhos para o trabalho em outras regiões a fim de reforçar a renda familiar, no período de maio a agosto. A renda certa é ensejada por jovens também, para aquisição de bens como celular, eletro-portátil ou moto, notando que oportunidades são restritas quando permanecem na comunidade, comercializando os produtos da roça ou do extrativismo ou como assalariado local. Este relato trata do início da construção do segundo viveiro em março de 2012 e de sua ativação em janeiro de 2014 como uma alternativa de emprego e renda que a comunidade vislumbrou, planejou e se capacitou a partir de 2007. O primeiro viveiro construído com recurso de doação de bazares, com o objetivo de obter renda, produzir mudas para reflorestar nascentes e obter mudas para plantio nos quintais, foi inativado devido insegurança, falta de registro e de responsável técnico. As dificuldades de instalação de um sistema de abastecimento de água para irrigação foi, dentre outras, a causa do atraso na ativação do segundo viveiro e do grupo de jovens. Por outro lado, em meio às dificuldades e entraves, a comunidade vem crescendo e sendo fortalecido pelo movimento de união em defesa da nascente. Abstract - The seasonal evasion of farmers? sons is a frequent event within the Community of Agua Boa 2, seeking for job outside the municipality of Rio Pardo de Minas, as, coffee harvesters in the South of Minas Gerais and São Paulo State or eucalyptus plantation. Having about three hectares for cultivation area, agriculture is not enough for feeding and supporting the family, forcing to search for other means for their income. The extraction of fiber, fruits, handicrafts, besides charcoal from native vegetation is also an alternative for survival. Some women prefer not to have ones from the family away for months to work, while others follow their husbands with their children to work in other regions to reinforce family income during the period May to August. An assured income is also desired by young people to purchase goods such as mobile phones, portable devices or motorcycles, noting that opportunities are scarce by staying in the community, selling the products from the country or extractivism, or as a local employee. This report deals with the start of construction of the second nursery in March 2012 and its activation in January 2014 as an alternative employment and income that the community glimpsed, planned and trained since 2007. The first nursery built using donations of bazaars, with the aim to earn an income, produce seedlings for reforestation springs and get seedlings for planting in backyards, was inactivated due to insecurity, lack of registration and technical officer. The problem of installing a system of water supply for irrigation was, among others, the cause of the delay in the activation of the second nursery and the youth group. On the other hand, in the midst of difficulties and obstacles, the community is growing and being strengthened by the union movement in defense of the springs

Spectrophotometric sensor system based on a liquid waveguide capillary cell for the determination of titanium: Application to natural waters, sunscreens and a lake sediment

An analytical procedure for the spectrophotometric determination of titanium at trace levels was developed. The procedure involves the use of a multipumping flow system (MPFS) coupled with a liquid waveguide capillary cell (LWCC) with 1.0 m path length, 550 mm i.d. and 250 mL internal volume, which enabled to enhance the sensitivity of the determination and thus avoid complex and timeconsuming preconcentration steps. The determination is based on the colorimetric reaction of titanium with chromotropic acid. The limit of detection (3 ) was 0.4 mg/L and a linear response up to 100 mg/L with a sample throughput of 46 h−1, and a low reagent consumption/effluent production was achieved. The developed procedure was applied to natural waters, sunscreen formulations and one certified lake sediment sample.info:eu-repo/semantics/submittedVersio