ARRANGEMENT AND MODULATION OF ETL PROCESS IN THE STORAGE

Data warehouse (DW) is the basis of systems for operational data analysis (OLAP-Online Analytical Processing). Data extracted from different sources transforms and load in DW. Proper organization of this process, which is called ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) has important significance in creation of DW and analytical data processing. Forms of organization, methods of realization and modeling of ETL processes are considered in this paper.Data warehouse (DW) is the basis of systems for operational data analysis (OLAP-Online Analytical Processing). Data extracted from different sources transforms and load in DW. Proper organization of this process, which is called ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) has important significance in creation of DW and analytical data processing. Forms of organization, methods of realization and modeling of ETL processes are considered in this paper

Experimental gingivitis in patients with altered passive eruption: A case control study. Clinical and histological evaluation

Background: Passive eruption is a process by which the epithelial attachment of the gingival tissue retracts from the enamel portion of the crown onto the root into adult position just apical to the CEJ allowing for a fibrous connective tissue attachment at the base of the sulcus (the biological width). Authors indicate that an excess of gum on the tooth impedes oral hygiene and can cause disease especially in individuals who already have a high predisposition to periodontitis. Aim: Despite the fact that many authors suggest that the patients with altered passive eruption are more susceptible to gingivitis and periodontitis due to the excess of gingiva, which impedes the correct oral hygiene procedure, there is to-date no clinical study confirming this assumption. The aim of the present study is therefore to examine the onset, progress and the healing of experimental gingivitis in patients with altered passive eruption when compared to patients with normal gingival anatomy. Material and Methods: 9 patients with altered passive eruption for the test group and 9 patients with normal anatomy of gingival tissues as a control group were selected for the study. The clinical parameters have been compared also intrapatiently, due to fact that the patient developed an experimental gingivitis only in one selected side(test) of maxillary arch, another side has been considered as a control. Results: On day 7 (T1), all clinical parameters related to gingival status were similarly low in both test and control groups. On day 21 (T3), at the time of maximum amount of plaque accumulation, there was a statistically significant difference between two groups in the gingival inflammatory indices. Thus, AngBS(Angulated bleeding score) on day 21 (T3) was 1.78 ± 0.44 in test and 0.67 ± 0.50 in control groups (p=0.002); and MGI(modified gingival index) was 2.78 ± 0.44 in test and 1.33 ± 0.50 in control groups (p=0.002). At the end (T6) of experimental gingivitis, the difference in the inflammatory indices was insignificant, but despite this, some patents in the test group still had signs of gingivitis, while the patients from control group were completely healthy related to gingival status. Conclusion: Notwithstanding, even if gingivitis in patients with altered passive eruption is developed much more rapidly, thorough home oral hygiene and plaque control conduces to complete clinical recovery. In spite of the clinical convalescence, however, some patients with APE show microscopic signs of gingival inflammation. Further studies with a large number of patients are required to confirm the correlation between altered passive eruption and periodontal diseases, and to determine how its surgical correction can affect this relationship

Corruption and types of innovation: evidence from post-Soviet countries

In the view of a missing consensus on how corruption relates to firm innovation, this paper empirically studies the relationship between petty corruption and product, process, marketing and organizational innovations in post-Soviet region. Exploiting cross-sectional firm-level data from the fifth round of Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS V), the paper finds that bribery increases the probability of introducing all four innovation types in the overall post-Soviet region. Considering variations in institutional development levels, the paper distinguishes three clusters of countries within the region respect to the quality of institutional structures based on Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) data of World Bank. Results reveal that bribery “greases the wheels” of only organizational innovation in the countries with strong institutional environment. The paper suggests that while the quality of institutions are good enough to prevent using bribery as a tool to foster product, process and marketing innovations, there is still room for improving institutions concerning organizational innovation. In the countries with moderate institutions, the correlation between bribery and product innovation is positive and statistically significant. Institutions concerning product innovations ought to be strengthened in this country cluster. Similar to the overall post-Soviet region, bribery encourages all four innovation types in the countries with weak institutional structures. So, fight against corruption needs to be braced and institutions should be improved to adhere global standards in order to halt corruption’s positive link to firm innovation

Early Wound Healing Score: a system to evaluate the early healing of periodontal soft tissue wounds

Purpose: Numerous indices have been proposed to analyse wound healing in oral soft tissues, but each has specific shortcomings. A new method of analysis, the Early Wound Healing Score (EHS), was evaluated in the present study. The aim was to assess more accurately early healing by primary intention of surgical incisions in periodontal soft tissues. Methods: Twenty-one patients were treated with different surgical procedures comprising 1 or 2 vertical releasing incisions as part of a surgical access flap. Twenty-four hours after surgery, early wound healing at the vertical releasing incisions was assessed using the EHS. This score assessed clinical signs of re-epithelialization (CSR), clinical signs of haemostasis (CSH), and clinical signs of inflammation (CSI). Since complete wound epithelialization was the main outcome, the CSR score was weighted to be 60% of the total final score. Accordingly, a score of 0, 3, or 6 points was possible for the assessment of CSR, whereas scores of 0, 1, or 2 points were possible for CSH and CSI. Higher values indicated better healing. Accordingly, the score for ideal early wound healing was 10. Results: Thirty vertical releasing incisions were assessed in 21 patients. At 24 hours after incision, 16 vertical releasing incisions (53.33%) received the maximum score of CSR, while 6 cases (20%) received an EHS of 10. None of the cases received 0 points. Conclusion: The EHS system may be a useful tool for assessing early wound healing in periodontal soft tissue by primary intention after surgery

Corruption and firm innovation: evidence from post-Soviet countries

In view of the missing consensus on how corruption relates to firm innovation, this paper empirically studies the relationship between petty corruption and product, process, marketing and organizational innovations in the post-Soviet region. Exploiting crosssectional firm-level data from the fifth round of the Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS V), the paper argues that institutional context has utmost importance when approaching this link. Probit estimations for a full sample of post-Soviet countries indicate a positive link between bribes and firm innovation. Considering variations in institutional development levels, the paper distinguishes three clusters of countries within the region with respect to the quality of institutional structures based on Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) data from the World Bank. The results reveal that the greasethe- wheel effect of bribery on firm innovation strongly remains in countries with weak institutional quality. To explore this link further, the paper made several additional estimations and robustness checks

Cyclometalated Ruthenium Complexes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

The transition towards carbon-free sources of energy is vital for humankind. This process is feasible through the extensive use of photovoltaic technologies, which may convert solar energy into elec-trical and chemical energy. In the last half-century, many competitive technologies were developed. One promising type of solar cell is Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSC), which differ from other solar cells in many ways. DSCs can be produced in different colors and used as constructing components of urban buildings. Additionally, DSCs have inner beauty related to their working principle. The pro-cesses of light absorption and charge transport are spatially separated in many ways reminiscent of water oxidation in Photosystem II in nature. Historically, DSCs were developed with an electrolyte based on an iodine-iodide redox shuttle. However, the overall performance of these solar cells is restricted due to the high loss of potential imparted by multistep dye regeneration by iodide. Shift to the outer-sphere one-electron redox couple, such as Co3+/2+ imine complexes, boosted the field, and new record efficiencies were achieved. Still, new redox mediators failed to provide reasonable power conversion efficiencies using the classic ruthenium sensitizers with isothiocyanate ligands. Poor performance is related to high charge recombination rates. To tackle this problem, I present my research on new cyclometalated ruthenium (II) complexes as sensitizers for DSCs that employ cobalt-based electrolytes. I introduce tris-heteroleptic cyclometalated Ru (II) complexes, which have various organic substituents. Optical and electrochemi-cal analyses are conducted before applying the new sensitizers in state-of-the-art solar cells. In this work, a record-high power conversion efficiency of 9.4 % was obtained with a ruthenium sensitizer and a cobalt-based redox shuttle. Transient absorbance spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spec-troscopy, and transient photovoltage and photocurrent decay measurements were conducted to reveal the main factors that limit the performance of the solar cells. The role of dye-loading, which is generally ignored in the field, was shown to be crucial. Additionally, it was shown that organic substituents that are usually attached to improve the photophysical properties of sensitizers cause irreversible sensi-tizer electrochemical oxidation. Further, in this thesis, I discuss the role of sulfur atoms in the sensitizer structure on the performance of the solar cell. Then I introduce new bidentate ligands, which coordinate to the metal with both cyclometalation and N-heterocyclic carbenes. I investigate the potential of new complexes with presented ligands as sensitizers. In the last section, I discuss the extended anchoring ligands and their complexes with ruthenium, which have six-membered chelating rings. In this section I also introduce new binding mode for the pyridine-type of ligand. Finally, I briefly summarize the obtained results

Histologic Analysis of Clinically Healthy Human Gingiva in Patients with Altered Passive Eruption

The purpose of this study was to histologically examine the clinically healthy gingiva of patients with altered passive eruption (APE). Five patients with type 1 APE were enrolled. They underwent scaling and polishing and received oral hygiene instructions. After 6 months of supervised plaque control and uninterrupted gingival clinical health (Gingival Index (GI) = 0 and no Bleeding on Probing (BoP)), upper anterior teeth were surgically treated. During the surgical procedure, the excised gingival margin was collected to be histologically examined. In four out of five patients, signs of inflammation including spongiosis and neutrophil exocytosis could be found in the epithelium of the gingival sulcus. Ulceration with exposure of the lamina propria and inflammatory granulation tissue were evident in the most severe cases. Normal density and orientation of collagen fibers could be seen within the superficial and the deep portions of connective tissue, with an increase in size and number of the deep collagen fibers and a reduced laxity of the superficial ones. In conclusion, the clinically healthy gingiva of APE patients showed features compatible with persistent inflammation, possibly due to recurrent traumatisms caused by an incisally placed gingival margin

Use of an anatomical mid-sagittal plane for 3-dimensional cephalometry: a preliminary study

Purpose: Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is widely used for 3-dimensional assessments of cranio-maxillo-facial relationships, especially in patients undergoing orthognathic surgery. We have introduced, for reference in CBCT cephalometry, an anatomical mid-sagittal plane (MSP) identified by the nasion, the midpoint between the posterior clinoid processes of the sella turcica, and the basion. The MSP is an updated version of the median plane previously used at our institution for 2D posterior-anterior cephalometry. This study was conducted to test the accuracy of the CBCT measures compared to those obtained using standard posterior-anterior cephalometry.Materials and Methods: Two operators measured the inter-zygomatic distance on 15 CBCT scans using the MSP as a reference plane, and the CBCT measurements were compared with measurements made on patients' posterior-anterior cephalograms. The statistical analysis evaluated the absolute and percentage differences between the 3D and 2D measurements.Results: As demonstrated by the absolute mean difference (roughly 1 mm) and the percentage difference (less than 3%), the MSP showed good accuracy on CBCT compared to the 2D plane, especially for measurements of the left side. However, the CBCT measurements showed a high standard deviation, indicating major variability and low precision.Conclusion: The anatomical MSP can be used as a reliable reference plane for transverse measurements in 3D cephalometry in cases of symmetrical or asymmetrical malocclusion. In patients who suffer from distortions of the skull base, the identification of landmarks might be difficult and the MSP could be unreliable. Becoming familiar with the relevant software could reduce errors and improve reliability

Ionic Dipolar Switching Hinders Charge Collection in Perovskite Solar Cells with Normal and Inverted Hysteresis

Drift-diffusion modeling of the ionic dipole switching from the measurement of fast scanned and long pre-biased electrical response is proposed as a novel protocol for evaluation of limit hysteretic effects in perovskite solar cells. Up to eight systems were measured including CH3NH3PbI3, Cs0.1FA0.74MA0.13PbI2.48Br0.39 and FA0.83MA0.17Pb1.1Br0.22I2.98 3D perovskite absorbers, as well as 2D capping layers towards the selective contacts. We show systematic hysteretic patterns, even among typical hysteresis-free devices, including normal and inverted hysteresis as general dissimilar trend between CH3NH3PbI3 and mixed perovskite cells, respectively. Particularly, strong changes in the short-circuit current density ( Jsc ) were identified, in addition to different trends affecting the fill factor (FF) and the open-circuit voltage (Voc ). The changes in Jsc were analyzed with state-of-the-art numerical drift-diffusion simulations concluding in an important reduction in the charge collection due to ionic distribution switching depending on the pre-biasing protocol and the type of absorbing perovskite. It is shown that mixed perovskites inhibit ionic dipolar switching. In addition, our calculi signal on the required conditions for the occurrence of inverted hysteresis and changes in the Voc . Regarding the FF and Voc patterns a new empirical approach is introduced and corresponding interpretations are proposed