The Impact of Mistakes on the Determination of Hadd Repetition Frequency

Under Article 136 of the Islamic Penal Code (approved in 2012), the legislator has outlined the sentence of repetition in Hadd crimes. In accordance with this article, the punishment for committing a Hadd offense for the fourth time is death. However, neither the text of the law nor the legal doctrine addresses the case in which there is a mistake in counting the number of times the Hadd is applied. As an example, in the event that the perpetrator is punished four times with the same Hadd punishment, the death sentence can be imposed on them the fifth time, in accordance with Article 136.The present study is intended to answer the following question: "What is the effect of making a mistake in counting the repetitions of the Hadd punishment?" There are many examples of making a mistake in counting the number of times the Hadd punishment has been enforced, and it is possible to approximate more or less the number of repetitions, even though a number of examples are provided in the jurisprudence in this case.It is possible to consider three hypotheses in relation to the impact of the mistake on the punishment for repeating the Hadd: 1) The absolute absence of the consequence of the mistake in counting how many times the Hadd is executed, and the allowance of executing the death sentence in subsequent rounds. 2) The relative impact of the mistake, in such a way that if the perpetrator is responsible for the mistake, the mistake is not effective in counting the number of times the sentence is executed, and if the perpetrator is not the person responsible for the mistake, the fulfillment of the mistake will result in the exemption from the death sentence. 3) The absolute effect of the mistake and the prohibition of executing the death sentence in future rounds.In the present research, firstly, various cases in which a mistake was found in counting the number of repetitions were examined, then the three hypotheses mentioned were assessed based on the examples mentioned, and finally, the hypothesis of the absolute effect of the mistake in the number of repetitions, which caused the punishment prescribed in Article 136 to be extinguished is favored

پیامدهای اجتماعی حمایت دولت‌ها از حق‌های رفاهی شهروندان؛ از دولت رفاه تا دولت پسارفاهی

Background and Aim: Since past time, societies have been encountered with such damages as diseases, poverty and death. Hence, it is for centuries that many states have attempted to reduce such damages via policymaking in order to realize citizens’ welfare rights. Social consequences of such initiatives are manifested in promoting citizens’ life quality level. Therefore, in the modern era, the social policies of the governments have been followed with different approaches from the past and have been influenced by the surrounding conditions of the societies. Methods: Research methodology in present paper is based on cause-and-effect analysis of data and data collection technique is based on library and documents studying in order to respond raised hypothesis in the paper. Ethical Considerations: In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed. Results: Present paper findings suggest that today states have looked at human’s welfare rights through a new approach and have attempted to cover damages from people’s incapability such as unemployment, disability and senescence through wisdom of the crowd and utilizing social initiatives and policymaking in macro levels since such damages would yield to reduction in incomes and consequently, mitigation in welfare level and losing human dignity. Conclusion: The focal point of efforts can be seen in theories resulted from establishing welfare state that could improve citizens’ welfare and life qualities through supportive policies and extending human security indicators in food supply, healthcare services and training and have enhanced life expectancy via a human development approach. Despite of this, states impacted by globalization, have pursued a postwelfare approach on social policymaking based on a minimum attitude toward supporting citizens’ welfare rights. Please cite this article as: Aghamohammad Aghaee E, Abbasi M, Khaleghparast H, Sedaghati K. Social Outcomes of States' Support of Citizenship Welfare Rights; from Welfare to Postwelfare State. Akhlaq-i zisti, i.e., Bioethics Journal. 2023; 13(38): e6.زمینه و هدف: از دیرباز جوامع با آسیب‌هایی چون بیماری، فقر و مرگ مواجه بوده‌اند. از این‌رو قرن‌هاست که بسیاری از دولت‌ها کوشیده‌اند برای کاهش آسیب‌های یادشده، سیاستگذاری‌هایی را در جهت تحقق حق‌های رفاهی شهروندان پایه‌ریزی کنند. پیامد‌های اجتماعی این تدابیر، در ارتقای سطح کیفی زندگی و معیشت شهروندی نمایان شده است. با وصف این، در دوران مدرن، سیاستگذاری‌های اجتماعی دولت‌ها با رویکرد‌هایی متفاوت از گذشته دنبال شده و از شرایط محیطی جوامع تأثیر پذیرفته است. روش: پژوهش حاضر، بر پایه تحلیل علّی و معلولی داده‌ها تنظیم شده و روش گردآوری اطلاعات تحقیق، به شیوه اسنادی و کتابخانه‌ای در راستای پاسخ‌دهی به فرضیه مطروحه در مقاله است. ملاحظات اخلاقی: درتمامی مراحل تحقیق و نگارش مقاله، صداقت و امانتداری رعایت گردیده است. یافته‌ها: بنا بر یافته‌های پژوهش حاضر، دولت‌های امروزین، با رویکردی نوین به حق‌های رفاهی شهروندان نگریسته و در این مسیر کوشیده‌اند با بهره‌گیری از خِرد جمعی و به کارگیری تدابیر و سیاستگذاری‌های اجتماعی در سطح کلان، آسیب‌های ناشی از ناتوانی افراد، نظیر بیکاری، از کارافتادگی و کهولت سن را پوشش دهند، چراکه این آسیب‌ها، کاهش میزان درآمد و متعاقباً افول سطح بهزیستی و رفاه و نهایتاً از دست‌رفتن کرامت انسانی را در پی دارد. نتیجه‌گیری: نقطه عطف تلاش‌ها را می‌توان در نظریه‌های منتج به ایجاد دولت‌های رفاهی مشاهده کرد که از طریق سیاست‌های حمایتی و توسعه شاخص‌های امنیت انسانی در تأمین غذا، خدمات بهداشتی ـ درمانی، آموزش، به ارتقای سطح رفاه و کیفیت زندگی شهروندان نائل آمده‌اند و موجبات بالارفتن امید به زندگی با رویکرد توسعه انسانی را فراهم آورده‌اند. با وجود این، دولت‌ها، متأثر از جهانی‌سازی، رویکردی پسارفاهی در سیاستگذاری‌های اجتماعی خود پیش‌ گرفته‌‌اند که مبتنی بر دیدگاهی حداقلی نسبت به حمایت‌ از حق‌های رفاهی شهروندان است

Bilateral Pseudomonas aeruginosa endophthalmitis following bilateral simultaneous cataract surgery

A bilateral simultaneous cataract surgery (BSCS) was performed on a 67-year-old man. The surgeon had not changed the surgical settings in between the two procedures for the two eyes. The patient developed fulminant bilateral endophthalmitis a day following the BSCS. Intravitreal culture grew Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The source of infection was not found. Immediate bilateral vitrectomy and intravitreal, subconjunctival, topical and systemic antibiotic did not save the eyes. Patient ended up with bilateral visual loss