Extraction and characterization of pectin derived from underutilized papaya seeds as a value-added product

Food processing industries generate a massive amount of biowastes, which causes major environmental issues. High-level marketable bioproducts can be extracted from these biowastes as value-added products. One such value-added product is pectin. Papaya fruit is one of the tropical fruits that is utilized the most to produce a greater number of processed foods in the food processing industries. Papaya seeds are one of the underutilized parts of papaya and have potential commercial value-added products. The present study aims to extract pectin from papaya seed waste using the hot water extraction technique. Furthermore, one factor at a time (OFAT) was used to find the optimum process conditions for the high extraction of pectin. The parameters considered were liquid–solid ratio (5-50 ml/g), sample weight (5-25 g), extraction time (15-90 min), temperature (50-100°C) and pH (1-3). A high yield of pectin (8.655%) was obtained at a liquid–solid ratio of 25 mL/g, sample weight of 20 g, extraction time of 60 min at 80°C, pH of 1.5 and precipitation with ethanol. Proximate analysis was performed for the papaya seeds that had moisture (82.10%), ash (1.76%), protein (1.52%), fat (1.42%) and carbohydrate (13.20%), and the pectin extracted from papaya seeds were found to have moisture (7.8%), ash (7.6%), protein (2.2%), fat (2.1%) and carbohydrate (80.3%). Pectin was characterized with gas chromatography for its methoxy content, which was found to be 9.216%. The current investigation found that pectin obtained from papaya seeds had low methoxy pectin, which has commercial applications in the jam and jelly industries

Polymer Composite—A Potential Biomaterial for the Removal of Reactive Dye

Poly Pyrrle saw dust composite was prepared by reinforcement of natural wood saw dust (obtained from Euphorbia Tirucalli L wood) and Poly Pyrrole matrix phase. The present study investigates the adsorption behaviour of Poly Pyrrole Saw dust Composite towards reactive dye. The batch adsorption studies were carried out by varying solution pH, initial dye concentration, contact time and temperature. The kinetic study showed that adsorption of Reactive Red by PPC was best represented by pseudo-second order kinetics with ion exchange adsorption. The equilibrium data were analyzed by Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm model. The equilibrium isotherm data were fitted well with Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacities calculated by Langmuir model were 204.08 mg/g for Reactive Red at 303 K. The thermodynamic parameters suggest the spontaneous, endothermic nature of ion exchange adsorption with weak Vader walls force of attraction. Activation energy for the adsorption of Reactive by Poly Pyrrole Composite was 11.6387 kJ/mole, Isosteric Heat of adsorption was 48.5454 kJ/mole also supported the ion exchange adsorption process in which forces of attraction between dye molecules and PPC is weak

Equilibrium uptake and sorption dynamics for the removal of reactive dyes from aqueous solution using activated carbon prepared from <i>E</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">uphorbia tirucalli L</i> wood

245-251Activated carbon prepared from Euphorbia tirucalli L wood (ETAC) by chemical activation with phosphoric acid has been analysed for the removal of Reactive Red and Reactive Blue dyes from aqueous solutions through batch adsorption technique. Lower solution pH favours the adsorption of reactive dyes. The amount of dye adsorbed per unit mass of adsorbent increases with the increase in temperature and initial dye concentration. Freundlich and Langmuir models are used to analyze the equilibrium data at different temperatures. The equilibrium data for the adsorption of both dyes are better described by the Langmuir isotherm model. The adsorption of reactive dyes follows second order kinetics along with intra-particle diffusion model. Thermodynamic parameters such as free energy change, enthalpy change and entropy change for adsorption of reactive dyes show that the adsorption of Reactive Red and Reactive Blue onto ETAC are spontaneous, endothermic and physical adsorption. Activation energy and isosteric heat of adsorption suggests that adsorption of reactive dyes onto ETAC is a physical process

Selective lookup and intercommunication in grid (SLIG) adapting the distributed spanning tree to grid computing

Computing consists of a network of heterogeneous computers, from which a virtual super computer is essentially formed. It displays immense potential as the various resources across large networks can be pooled to service many and be utilized by many, using the Internet from around the world. The potential for parallel CPU processing is one of the most attractive features of a grid. A perfectly scalable application will finish five times faster if it uses five times the number of processors. Application software as required by the users of the grid. Thus, the structure can be represented in layers, as implied by the grouping of grid components. Hardware, the bottom layer, would then contain a large number of heterogeneous resources and would be accessed by a limited number of users to ensure data privacy. The next layer would then consist of application software and tools that are useful for the users and which are domain-specific. In this research we analyzed the distributed and high-performance system in grid computing to provide the efficient resource discovery and message broadcasting. The Distributed Spanning Tree (DST’s) implementation is altered and adapted to achieve better server load and message load distribution by a selective search and look-up mechanism in this proposal. In addition, a fault tolerance mechanism is also expressed in this contribution, as part of the DST’s adaptation, such that if the system which is providing the service fails or leaves the grid environment, then the backup site will immediately take up the execution and recover the task

From the Sun to the Earth: The 13 May 2005 Coronal Mass Ejection

We report the results of a multi-instrument, multi-technique, coordinated study of the solar eruptive event of 13 May 2005. We discuss the resultant Earth-directed (halo) coronal mass ejection (CME), and the effects on the terrestrial space environment and upper Earth atmosphere. The interplanetary CME (ICME) impacted the Earth's magnetosphere and caused the most-intense geomagnetic storm of 2005 with a Disturbed Storm Time (Dst) index reaching -263 nT at its peak. The terrestrial environment responded to the storm on a global scale. We have combined observations and measurements from coronal and interplanetary remote-sensing instruments, interplanetary and near-Earth in-situ measurements, remote-sensing observations and in-situ measurements of the terrestrial magnetosphere and ionosphere, along with coronal and heliospheric modelling. These analyses are used to trace the origin, development, propagation, terrestrial impact, and subsequent consequences of this event to obtain the most comprehensive view of a geo-effective solar eruption to date. This particular event is also part of a NASA-sponsored Living With a Star (LWS) study and an on-going US NSF-sponsored Solar, Heliospheric, and INterplanetary Environment (SHINE) community investigation. © 2010 The Author(s)