The global EPTO database: Worldwide occurrences of aquatic insects

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPQ) Fundacao de Apoio a Pesquisa do Distrito Federal (FAPDF)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas (FAPEAM)BIODIVERSA/FAPEAMConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPQ)Bundesministerium fuer Bildung und ForschungCoordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES)FAPEAM-Program POSGRADFundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)INPA/MCTI 465540/2014-7Leibniz Competition 0621187/2017Leibniz-Gemeinschaft R20F0002Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPQ)Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazpnia, unidade de~pesquisa Ministerio da Ciencia, Tecnologia e Inovacoes (INPA/MCTI) 403758/2021-1Programa Peixe Vivo of the Companhia Energetica de Minas Gerais 033W034ARoyal Society of New ZealandTertiary Education CommissionFundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP)Foundation for Science and TechnologyAssociate LaboratoryARNET J45/2018CEE

The effect of short-term temperature exposure on vital physiological processes of mixoplankton and protozooplankton

Sudden environmental changes like marine heatwaves will become more intense and frequent in the future. Understanding the physiological responses of mixoplankton and protozooplankton, key members of marine food webs, to temperature is crucial. Here, we studied two dinoflagellates (one protozoo- and one mixoplanktonic), two ciliates (one protozoo- and one mixoplanktonic), and two cryptophytes. We report the acute (24 h) responses on growth and grazing to a range of temperatures (5–34 °C). We also determined respiration and photosynthetic rates for the four grazers within 6 °C of warming. The thermal performance curves showed that, in general, ciliates have higher optimal temperatures than dinoflagellates and that protozooplankton is better adapted to warming than mixoplankton. Our results confirmed that warmer temperatures decrease the cellular volumes of all species. Q10 coefficients suggest that grazing is the rate that increases the most in response to temperature in protozooplankton. Yet, in mixoplankton, grazing decreased in warmer temperatures, whereas photosynthesis increased. Therefore, we suggest that the Metabolic Theory of Ecology should reassess mixoplankton's position for the correct parameterisation of future climate change models. Future studies should also address the multigenerational response to temperature changes, to confirm whether mixoplankton become more phototrophic than phagotrophic in a warming scenario after adaptation

Incongruent latitudinal patterns of taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity reveal different drivers of caddisfly community assembly across spatial scales

Aim: Community assembly processes are difficult to observe in nature but can be inferred from species diversity patterns. However, taxonomic patterns may be consistent with multiple explanations, such as habitat filtering or biogeographical processes, which can also act differently across spatial scales. Here, we assessed multiple facets of diversity to determine the relative contributions of local versus regional processes and historical versus contemporary factors in establishing macroecological patterns. Location: From the Mediterranean peninsulas to northern Scandinavia. Time period: Species occurrence data gathered since c. 1980. Major organism group studied: Trichoptera (Insecta). Methods: Based on an extensive functional space and a phylogenetic tree including 197 and 509 species, respectively, and the composition of 180 communities, we assessed the distribution of taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity within 18 ecoregions (local α- and β-diversity) and among those ecoregions (regional γ- and β-diversity). Results: Local estimates of taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic α- and β-diversity were similar across Europe, which reveals that all streams have similar carrying capacity even though the local abiotic factors involved are likely different among ecoregions. In contrast, regional taxonomic and phylogenetic diversities decreased as latitude increased, whereas functional richness and functional dispersion displayed unimodal relationships. The position of species on the functional space was not conserved, while northern species pools were found to be phylogenetically clustered and southern ones overdispersed. The nestedness component mainly contributed to the taxonomic and phylogenetic β-diversity among northern communities, whereas in southern latitudes the turnover was dominant. Main conclusions: Decoupled latitudinal patterns of taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity reveal the importance of regional environmental filtering over local factors in limiting species range and shaping the regional species pool. The biogeographical signature is still present; the northern recolonizations following the Pleistocene glaciations originated exclusively from central regions, instead of Mediterranean refugia, as was previously accepted

Hydrography90m: a new high-resolution global hydrographic dataset

The geographic distribution of streams and rivers drives a multitude of patterns and processes in hydrology, geomorphology, geography, and ecology. Therefore, a hydrographic network that accurately delineates both small streams and large rivers, along with their topographic and topological properties, with equal precision would be indispensable in the earth sciences. Currently, available global hydrographies do not feature small headwater streams in great detail. However, these headwaters are vital because they are estimated to contribute to more than 70 % of overall stream length. We aimed to fill this gap by using the MERIT Hydro digital elevation model at 3 arcsec (∼90 m at the Equator) to derive a globally seamless, standardised hydrographic network, the “Hydrography90m”, with corresponding stream topographic and topological information. A central feature of the network is the minimal upstream contributing area, i.e. flow accumulation, of 0.05 km2 (or 5 ha) to initiate a stream channel, which allowed us to extract headwater stream channels in great detail. By employing a suite of GRASS GIS hydrological modules, we calculated the range-wide upstream flow accumulation and flow direction to delineate a total of 1.6 million drainage basins and extracted globally a total of 726 million unique stream segments with their corresponding sub-catchments. In addition, we computed stream topographic variables comprising stream slope, gradient, length, and curvature attributes as well as stream topological variables to allow for network routing and various stream order classifications. We validated the spatial accuracy and flow accumulation of Hydrography90m against NHDPlus HR, an independent, national high-resolution hydrographic network dataset of the United States. Our validation shows that the newly developed Hydrography90m has the highest spatial precision and contains more headwater stream channels compared to three other global hydrographic datasets. This comprehensive approach provides a vital and long-overdue baseline for assessing actual streamflow in headwaters and opens new research avenues for high-resolution studies of surface water worldwide. Hydrography90m thus offers significant potential to facilitate the assessment of freshwater quantity and quality, inundation risk, biodiversity, conservation, and resource management objectives in a globally comprehensive and standardised manner. The Hydrography90m layers are available at https://doi.org/10.18728/igb-fred-762.1 (Amatulli et al., 2022a), and while they can be used directly in standard GIS applications, we recommend the seamless integration with hydrological modules in open-source QGIS and GRASS GIS software to further customise the data and derive optimal utility from it

hydrographr: An R package for scalable hydrographic data processing

1. Freshwater ecosystems are considered biodiversity hotspots, but assessing the spatial distribution of species remains challenging. One major obstacle lies in the complex geospatial processing of large amounts of data, such as stream network, sub-catchment and basin data, that are necessary for addressing the longitudinal connectivity among water bodies. Workflows thus need to be scalable, especially when working across large spatial extents and at high spatial resolution. This in turn requires advanced command-line GIS skills and programming language integration, which often poses a challenge for freshwater researchers. 2. To address this challenge, we developed the package hydrographr that provides scalable hydrographic data processing in R. The package contains functions for downloading data of the high-resolution Hydrography90m dataset, processing, reading and extracting information, as well as assessing network distances and connectivity. While the functions are, by default, tailored toward the Hydrography90m data, they can also be generalised toward other data and purposes, such as efficient cropping and merging of raster and vector data, point-raster extraction, raster reclassification and data aggregation. The package depends on the open-source software GDAL/OGR, GRASS-GIS and the AWK programming language in the Linux environment, allowing a seamless language integration. Since the data is processed outside R, hydrographr allows creating scalable geo-processing workflows. 3. We illustrate the hydrographr functions using two workflows that focus on (i) a freshwater species distribution modelling approach, and (ii) assessing stream connectivity given the fragmentation by dams. We also provide a detailed guide for the initial installation of the required software. Windows users need to first enable the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) feature, and can then follow the same software installation as Linux users. hydrographr is maintained on GitHub at https://github.com/glowabio/hydrographr. 4. hydrographr provides a set of key functions for processing freshwater geospatial data. We expect that the package will support the freshwater-related research communities given the easy-to-use wrapper functions that allow capitalizing on powerful open-source command-line software, which may otherwise require a steep learning curve. Users can thus perform large-scale freshwater-specific longitudinal connectivity and network analyses across large geographic extents while staying within the R environment

The global EPTO database: Worldwide occurrences of aquatic insects

Motivation: Aquatic insects comprise 64% of freshwater animal diversity and are widely used as bioindicators to assess water quality impairment and freshwater eco-system health, as well as to test ecological hypotheses. Despite their importance, a comprehensive, global database of aquatic insect occurrences for mapping freshwater biodiversity in macroecological studies and applied freshwater research is missing. We aim to fill this gap and present the Global EPTO Database, which includes world-wide geo- referenced aquatic insect occurrence records for four major taxa groups: Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera and Odonata (EPTO).Main type of variables contained: A total of 8,368,467 occurrence records globally, of which 8,319,689 (99%) are publicly available. The records are attributed to the cor-responding drainage basin and sub-catchment based on the Hydrography90m dataset and are accompanied by the elevation value, the freshwater ecoregion and the pro-tection status of their location. Spatial location and grain: The database covers the global extent, with 86% of the observation records having coordinates with at least four decimal digits (11.1 m preci-sion at the equator) in the World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84) coordinate refer-ence system.Time period and grain: Sampling years span from 1951 to 2021. Ninety- nine percent of the records have information on the year of the observation, 95% on the year and month, while 94% have a complete date. In the case of seven sub-datasets, exact dates can be retrieved upon communication with the data contributors. Major taxa and level of measurement: Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera and Odonata, standardized at the genus taxonomic level. We provide species names for 7,727,980 (93%) records without further taxonomic verification.Software format: The entire tab-separated value (.csv) database can be downloaded and visualized at https://glowabio.org/project/epto_database/ . Fifty individual data-sets are also available at https://fred.igb-berlin.de, while six datasets have restricted access. For the latter, we share metadata and the contact details of the authors

The global EPTO database: Worldwide occurrences of aquatic insects

Motivation: Aquatic insects comprise 64% of freshwater animal diversity and are widely used as bioindicators to assess water quality impairment and freshwater ecosystem health, as well as to test ecological hypotheses. Despite their importance, a comprehensive, global database of aquatic insect occurrences for mapping freshwater biodiversity in macroecological studies and applied freshwater research is missing. We aim to fill this gap and present the Global EPTO Database, which includes worldwide geo-referenced aquatic insect occurrence records for four major taxa groups: Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera and Odonata (EPTO). Main type of variables contained: A total of 8,368,467 occurrence records globally, of which 8,319,689 (99%) are publicly available. The records are attributed to the corresponding drainage basin and sub-catchment based on the Hydrography90m dataset and are accompanied by the elevation value, the freshwater ecoregion and the protection status of their location. Spatial location and grain: The database covers the global extent, with 86% of the observation records having coordinates with at least four decimal digits (11.1 m precision at the equator) in the World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84) coordinate reference system. Time period and grain: Sampling years span from 1951 to 2021. Ninety-nine percent of the records have information on the year of the observation, 95% on the year and month, while 94% have a complete date. In the case of seven sub-datasets, exact dates can be retrieved upon communication with the data contributors.Major taxa and level of measurement: Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera and Odonata, standardized at the genus taxonomic level. We provide species names for 7,727,980 (93%) records without further taxonomic verification. Software format: The entire tab-separated value (.csv) database can be downloaded and visualized at https://glowa bio.org/proje ct/epto_datab ase/. Fifty individual datasets are also available at https://fred.igb-berlin. de, while six datasets have restricted access. For the latter, we share metadata and the contact details of the authors

Επίδραση πρώιμων εμπειριών στο εγκεφαλικό σύστημα κοινωνικής αλληλεπίδρασης επίμυος

Σκοπός της παρούσας μελέτης είναι η διερεύνηση των επιδράσεων μιας θετικής και μιας αρνητικής πρώιμης εμπειρίας στο νευρωνικό κύκλωμα κοινωνικής αλληλεπίδρασης στον εγκέφαλο αρσενικού επίμυος. Τα ζώα που εξετάσθηκαν ανήκαν σε τρεις διαφορετικές ομάδες: Α) ζώα που εκτέθηκαν ως νεογνά σε εκπαίδευση με συνεχόμενη ενίσχυση (Receiving the Expected Reward, RER), Β) ζώα που εκτέθηκαν ως νεογνά σε εκπαίδευση με συνεχόμενη ματαίωση (Denied the Expected Reward, DER) καθώς και Γ) ζώα ελέγχου που δεν εκτέθηκαν σε κανενός είδους εκπαίδευση (Control, CTR).The aim of this study is to define the effects of one positive and one negative early experience on the social interaction neuronal circuit in the brain of an adult male rat. The animals tested were of three different groups: A) rats exposed as pups to training in a T-Maze under receipt of expected reward through maternal contact (Receiving the expected reward, RER) B) rats exposed as pups to training in a T-Maze under denial of expected reward through maternal contact (Denied the expected reward, DER) C) Control animals that were not exposed to any kind of training (Control, CTR

The effect of short-term temperature exposure on vital physiological processes of mixoplankton and protozooplankton

10 pages, 6 figures, 3 tables, supplementary data https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105693Sudden environmental changes like marine heatwaves will become more intense and frequent in the future. Understanding the physiological responses of mixoplankton and protozooplankton, key members of marine food webs, to temperature is crucial. Here, we studied two dinoflagellates (one protozoo- and one mixoplanktonic), two ciliates (one protozoo- and one mixoplanktonic), and two cryptophytes. We report the acute (24 h) responses on growth and grazing to a range of temperatures (5–34 °C). We also determined respiration and photosynthetic rates for the four grazers within 6 °C of warming. The thermal performance curves showed that, in general, ciliates have higher optimal temperatures than dinoflagellates and that protozooplankton is better adapted to warming than mixoplankton. Our results confirmed that warmer temperatures decrease the cellular volumes of all species. Q10 coefficients suggest that grazing is the rate that increases the most in response to temperature in protozooplankton. Yet, in mixoplankton, grazing decreased in warmer temperatures, whereas photosynthesis increased. Therefore, we suggest that the Metabolic Theory of Ecology should reassess mixoplankton's position for the correct parameterisation of future climate change models. Future studies should also address the multigenerational response to temperature changes, to confirm whether mixoplankton become more phototrophic than phagotrophic in a warming scenario after adaptationThis project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 766327. [...] Thanks for financial support are also due to the ERASMUS + traineeship program and to the Grants CTM2017-84288-R and PID2020-118645RB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI Spain/10.13039/501100011033 and by “FEDER Una manera de hacer Europa”. This work is a contribution of the Marine Zooplankton Ecology Group (2017 SGR 87) with the institutional support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX 2019-000928-S)Peer reviewe

Thermal acclimation and adaptation in marine microzooplankton

Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography Aquatic Sciences Meeting (ASLO 2019), Planet Water - Challenges and Successes, 23 February - 2 March 2019, San Juan, Puerto RicoThe impact of the oceanic temperature raise due to climate change might have profound consequences for key components of marine food webs, such as zooplankton. In general, the fate of a species facing a temperature change in its habitat will depend on the coupling among the different thermal sensitivities of key ecophysiological activities. In this regard, thermal windows define the tolerance range of temperature for a given species, and are a good indicator of its vulnerability to changes in habitat temperature. Here, we report preliminary data on short-term responses (1 day) to temperature changes (range from 5ºC to 34ºC) on microzooplankton. We built thermal windows for two heterotrophic dinoflagellates (Gyrodinium dominans and Oxyrrhis marina) and one ciliate (Strombidium sp.) grown for multiple generations at 19ºC. The variables considered were growth, ingestion rates, and growth gross efficiency. The experiments showed the ciliate to be the more resistant to changes in temperature and the one benefiting the most from a rise in temperature. These contrasted responses between ciliates and dinoflagellates, if confirmed for other species, could have profound implications for the structure of marine communities under future climate change scenarios. In the future, we aim to investigate the thermal sensitivity of key ecophysiological activities of zooplankton to long-term (multigenerational) changes in temperature, and to determine how the coupling of these different thermal sensitivities may result in adaptive advantages or disadvantages for a given species