Tomada de decisão baseada em evidências e promoção da atividade física entre secretários municipais de saúde

OBJECTIVE: To describe the steps involved in evidence-based decision making for the implementation of programs aimed at the promotion of physical activity. METHODS: It is a descriptive, cross-sectional study with quali-quantitative approach, held with municipal health secretaries chosen deliberately by regional health representatives of the state of Paraná. A total of 27 secretaries participated in a telephone interview consisting of 17 open questions. Content analysis was conducted according to the categories of an evidencebased decision-making model consisting of seven steps. RESULTS: None of the participants employed every step of the evidence-based decision-making model. The steps that were most often mentioned included: evaluation of the program (33.3%), use of evidence from the literature (22.2%) and identification of the problem (22.2%). The steps that were reported the least included: quantification of the problem (14.8%), development and prioritization of actions (14.8%), development of the plan of action (14.8%) and evaluation of the community (3.7%). CONCLUSIONS: The use of evidence-based decision making in the context of the promotion of physical activity was shown to be incipient among the health secretaries of the state of Paraná. We suggest widening dissemination and training on the use of evidence-based decision making among municipal administrators to increase the effectiveness of actions for promotion of physical activity.OBJETIVO: Descrever o emprego das etapas da tomada de decisões baseada em evidências para implementação de programas de promoção da atividade física. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, transversal, com abordagem quali-quantitativa, realizado com secretários municipais de saúde escolhidos intencionalmente por representantes das regionais de saúde do estado do Paraná. Ao todo, 27 secretários participaram de uma entrevista telefônica composta por 17 questões abertas. A análise de conteúdo foi conduzida segundo as categorias de um modelo de tomada de decisões baseada em evidências composto de sete etapas. RESULTADOS: Nenhum dos participantes empregou todas as etapas do modelo de tomada de decisões baseada em evidências. As etapas mais mencionadas foram: avaliação do programa (33,3%), uso de evidências da literatura (22,2%) e identificação do problema (22,2%). As etapas menos reportadas foram: quantificação do problema (14,8%), desenvolvimento e priorização de ações (14,8%), desenvolvimento do plano de ação (14,8%) e avaliação da comunidade (3,7%). CONCLUSÕES: O emprego da tomada de decisões baseada em evidências no contexto da promoção da atividade física apresentou-se incipiente entre os secretários de saúde do estado do Paraná. Sugere-se ampliar a disseminação e o treinamento para o uso de tomada de decisões baseada em evidências entre os gestores municipais a fim de ampliar a efetividade das ações de promoção da atividade físic

Promoting state health department evidence-based cancer and chronic disease prevention: A multi-phase dissemination study with a cluster randomized trial component

BACKGROUND: Cancer and other chronic diseases reduce quality and length of life and productivity, and represent a significant financial burden to society. Evidence-based public health approaches to prevent cancer and other chronic diseases have been identified in recent decades and have the potential for high impact. Yet, barriers to implement prevention approaches persist as a result of multiple factors including lack of organizational support, limited resources, competing emerging priorities and crises, and limited skill among the public health workforce. The purpose of this study is to learn how best to promote the adoption of evidence based public health practice related to chronic disease prevention. METHODS/DESIGN: This paper describes the methods for a multi-phase dissemination study with a cluster randomized trial component that will evaluate the dissemination of public health knowledge about evidence-based prevention of cancer and other chronic diseases. Phase one involves development of measures of practitioner views on and organizational supports for evidence-based public health and data collection using a national online survey involving state health department chronic disease practitioners. In phase two, a cluster randomized trial design will be conducted to test receptivity and usefulness of dissemination strategies directed toward state health department chronic disease practitioners to enhance capacity and organizational support for evidence-based chronic disease prevention. Twelve state health department chronic disease units will be randomly selected and assigned to intervention or control. State health department staff and the university-based study team will jointly identify, refine, and select dissemination strategies within intervention units. Intervention (dissemination) strategies may include multi-day in-person training workshops, electronic information exchange modalities, and remote technical assistance. Evaluation methods include pre-post surveys, structured qualitative phone interviews, and abstraction of state-level chronic disease prevention program plans and progress reports. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01978054

Diagnostic value of transmural perfusion ratio derived from dynamic CT-based myocardial perfusion imaging for the detection of haemodynamically relevant coronary artery stenosis

Objectives: To investigate the additional value of transmural perfusion ratio (TPR) in dynamic CT myocardial perfusion imaging for detection of haemodynamically significant coronary artery disease compared with fractional flow reserve (FFR). Methods: Subjects with suspected or known coronary artery disease were prospectively included and underwent a CT-MPI examination. From the CT-MPI time-point data absolute myocardial blood flow (MBF) values were temporally resolved using a hybrid deconvolution model. An absolute MBF value was measured in the suspected perfusion defect. TPR was defined as the ratio between the subendocardial and subepicardial MBF. TPR and MBF results were compared with invasive FFR using a threshold of 0.80. Results: Forty-three patients and 94 territories were analysed. The area under the receiver operator curve was larger for MBF (0.78) compared with TPR (0.65, P = 0.026). No significant differences were found in diagnostic classification between MBF and TPR with a territory-based accuracy of 77 % (67-86 %) for MBF compared with 70 % (60-81 %) for TPR. Combined MBF and TPR classification did not improve the diagnostic classification. Conclusions: Dynamic CT-MPI-based transmural perfusion ratio predicts haemodynamically significant coronary artery disease. However, diagnostic performance of dynamic CT-MPI-derived TPR is inferior to quantified MBF and has limited incremental value. Key Points: • The transmural perfusion ratio from dynamic CT-MPI predicts functional obstructive coronary artery disease• Performance of the transmural perfusion ratio is inferior to quantified myocardial blood flow• The incremental value of the transmural perfusion ratio is limite

Atividade física e fatores associados em adolescentes do ensino médio de Curitiba, Brasil

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of physical activity in adolescents and to identify associated factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a representative sample (n=1,518, 59.2% females) of students aged between 14 and 18 years, enrolled in the public school network of the city of Curitiba, Southern Brazil, in 2006. Physical activity practice was self-reported, according to the number of days per week when they perform moderate to vigorous physical activity lasting &gt; 60 minutes. This practice was analyzed in two distinct models. In the first model, the variable was dichotomized into "0 day" and "&gt; 1 day"; in the second, into "< 4 days" and "&gt; 5 days". Independent variables were as follows: biological-demographic (sex, age, body mass index); socioeconomic (parents' level of education, number of cars); behavioral (number of hours spent watching television, number of hours spent using a computer); and sociocultural (social support from family and friends and the perception of barriers to the practice of activities), tested with Poisson regression. RESULTS: In the first model of analysis, the prevalence of physical activity was 58.2% (75.1% in males; 46.5% in females; pOBJETIVO: Identificar la prevalencia de actividad física y factores asociados en adolescentes. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal realizado con muestra representativa (n=1.518, 59,2% niñas) de escolares de 14-18 años de edad de la red pública de enseñanza de Curitiba, Sur de Brasil, en 2006. La práctica de actividad física fue auto-referida, en número de días por semana en que realiza actividad de intensidad moderada a vigorosa con duración ³ 60 minutos La práctica fue analizada en dos modelos distintos. En el primero, la variable fue dicotomizada en "0 día" y "³ 1 día"; en el segundo, en "£ 4 días" y "³ 5 días". Las variables independientes fueron: demográfico-biológicas (sexo, edad, índice de masa corporal); socioeconómicas (escolaridad de los padres, número de carros); conductuales (horas viendo TV, horas en frente a la computadora); y socioculturales (apoyo social de la familia y de los amigos, y la percepción de barreras para la práctica de actividades) evaluadas en regresión de Poisson. RESULTADOS: En el primer modelo de análisis, la prevalencia de actividad física fue de 58,2% (75,1% niños; 46,5% niñas; pOBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de atividade física e identificar fatores associados em adolescentes. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado com amostra representativa (n = 1.518, 59,2% do sexo feminino) de escolares de 14-18 anos de idade da rede pública de ensino de Curitiba, PR, em 2006. A prática de atividade física foi auto-referida, em número de dias por semana em que realiza atividade de intensidade moderada a vigorosa com duração &gt; 60 minutos. A prática foi analisada em dois modelos distintos. No primeiro, a variável foi dicotomizada em "0 dia" e "&gt; 1 dia"; no segundo, em "< 4 dias" e "&gt; 5 dias". As variáveis independentes foram: demográfico-biológicas (sexo, idade, índice de massa corporal); socioeconômicas (escolaridade dos pais, número de carros); comportamentais (horas assistindo TV, horas em frente ao computador); e socioculturais (apoio social da família e dos amigos, e a percepção de barreiras para a prática de atividades) testadas em regressão de Poisson. RESULTADOS: No primeiro modelo de análise, a prevalência de atividade física foi de 58,2% (75,1% do sexo masculino e 46,5% do feminino; p < 0,001) e no segundo, de 14,5% (22,3% e 9,1%, respectivamente; p < 0,001). No primeiro modelo, as variáveis associadas à atividade física foram sexo masculino (RP = 1,63, IC95%: 1,48;1,78), apoio social da família (RP = 1,14, IC95%: 1,05;1,23), dos amigos (RP = 1,52, IC95%: 1,31;1,78) e elevada percepção de barreiras (RP = 0,54, IC95%: 0,46;0,62). No segundo modelo, apenas o sexo masculino (RP = 2,45, IC95%: 1,73;3,46) e a baixa percepção de barreiras (RP = 0,24, IC95%: 0,15;0,38) associaram-se à atividade física. CONCLUSÕES: Mais da metade dos adolescentes praticam atividade física em pelo menos um dia da semana, embora 14,5% atinjam as recomendações atuais. Níveis recomendados estão associados a menor número de fatores. Gênero e percepção de barreiras apresentam relação consistente com os níveis de atividade física

Self-Perception of Mental Health, Covid-19 and Associated Sociodemographic-Contextual Factors in Latin America

This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of alterations in self-perceived mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic and their associated factors in four Latin American countries. This is a cross-sectional study based on data collected from adults in 2021 through the Collaborative Response COVID-19 Survey by the MacDonnell Academy at Washington University in St. Louis (United States). The sample was composed of 8,125 individuals from Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, and Chile. A generalized linear model for a binary outcome variable with a logistic link and fixed country effects was used. There were 2,336 (28.75%) individuals who considered having suffered alterations in self-perceived mental health. Unemployed individuals (OR = 1.40; 95%CI: 1.24-1.58), those with bad/regular quality of life (OR = 5.03; 95%CI: 4.01-6.31), and those with high socioeconomic status (OR = 1.66; 95%CI: 1.41-1.96) had a higher risk of self-perceived mental health alterations than those with full-time employment, excellent quality, and low socioeconomic status. According to the fixed-effects model, Brazilians living in the country during the pandemic, who disagreed with their government\u27s decisions (OR = 2.05; 95%CI: 1.74-2.42) and lacked trust in their government (OR = 2.10; 95%CI: 1.74-2.42) had a higher risk of having self-perceived mental health alterations. Nearly 30% of respondents indicated that the COVID-19 pandemic altered their self-perceived mental health. This outcome was associated with political, sociodemographic, and health risk factors. These findings should help policymakers develop post-pandemic community interventions

Open public spaces and physical activity facilities: study of systematic observation of the environment

The aim of this study was to investigate the quantity and quality of open public spaces (OPS) and physical activity (PA) facilities in Florianopolis, Santa Catarina. A descriptive survey was carried out in 2015 on the quantity, type and quality of OPS and PA facilities. The quality of OPS and PA facilities were assessed by systematic observation. A quality index of OPS (score -3 to 6 points) was divided into three categories, poor (category ≤0), average (0.1 to 2.9) and good quality (category ≥3). For analysis, descriptive statistics were used. Of the 214 OPS, the highest proportion was squares/gardens (n = 128, 59.8%). Of the 214 OPS, 59.8% were squares/gardens. About 51.9% (n = 111) of OPS had good quality. A higher proportion of comfort items obtained good quality, such as lighting (54.7%), trash cans (45.8%) and garden benches (55.1%). In more than 60.0% of OPS, there were no incivilities. Of the 377 PA facilities identified, 53.6% presented good quality and 13.8% poor quality. Playgrounds (29.4%), outdoor gyms (15.9%) and soccer fields/courts (14.9%) were more frequent, only the latter less than half had good quality (28,6%). There were no PA facilities in 29.0% of OPS. A higher proportion of OPSs have good quality, but less than half require improvement, comfort, less incivility and greater diversity of PA facilities. This may promote greater visits to OPS and leisure opportunities, including the practice of PA

Walkability and Physical Activity Findings from Curitiba, Brazil

Background: Evidence from developing countries is limited on how income level for a given neighborhood is related to physical activity among its residents. Purpose: The goal of the study was to examine the association between walkability and physical activity outcomes, and the effect of income on the relationship between walkability and physical activity in adults. Methods: The Spaces for Physical Activity in Adults Study (ESPACOS Project) took place in Curitiba, Brazil. Data were collected in 2010 in 32 census tracts selected to vary in income and walkability, as measured by GIS. Participants were 697 individuals aged 18-65 years (52.0% were women) randomly sampled from the selected neighborhoods. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to measure physical activity. All analyses were conducted in 2012. Results: The proportion of those who walked for transportation for ≥150 minutes/week was 21.1% in low-walkability areas, and ranged from 33.5% to 35.0% in high-walkability areas. A total of 12.6% of residents were found to walk for leisure for ≥150 minutes/week; this result did not vary across quadrants of walkability and income level. The prevalence of leisure-time moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was 7.1-10.5 percentage points higher in high-compared to lowwalkability areas. After adjusting for all individual confounders, walkability showed an independent association with walking for transport (OR¼2.10, 95% CI¼1.31, 3.37, p¼0.002) and leisure-time MVPA (OR¼1.57, 95% CI¼1.06, 2.32, p¼0.024). Neighborhood income level was independently associated with leisure-time MVPA (OR¼1.70, 95% CI¼1.06, 2.74, p¼0.029). No association was found between walkability and walking for leisure. No interaction was found between walkability and neighborhood income level. Conclusions: This study, among adults living in Curitiba, Brazil, confirms findings from studies of high-income countries showing that walkability is positively associated with physical activity. People living in high-walkability areas were more likely to be physically active regardless of their neighborhood income level

Do associations of sex, age and education with transport and leisure-time physical activity differ across 17 cities in 12 countries?

Background: Leisure-time and transport activity domains are studied most often because they are considered more amenable to intervention, but to date evidence on these domains is limited. The aim of the present study was to examine patterns of socio-demographic correlates of adults’ leisure-time and transport physical activity and how these associations varied across 17 cities in 12 countries. Methods: Participants (N = 13,745) aged 18–66 years in the IPEN Adult study and with complete data on sociodemographic and self-reported physical activity characteristics were included. Participants reported frequency and duration of leisure-time and transport activities in the last 7 days using the self-administered International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Long Form. Six physical activity outcomes were examined in relation with age, education, and sex, and analyses explored variations by city and curvilinear associations. Results: Sex had the most consistent results, with five of six physical activity outcomes showing females were less active than males. Age had the most complex associations with self-report transport and leisure-time physical activity. Compared to older people, younger adults were less likely to engage in transport physical activity, but among those who did, younger people were likely to engage in more active minutes. Curvilinear associations were found between age and all three leisure-time physical activity outcomes, with the youngest and the oldest being more active. Positive associations with education were found for leisure-time physical activity only. There were significant interactions of city with sex and education for multiple physical activity outcomes. Conclusions: Although socio-demographic correlates of physical activity are widely studied, the present results provide new information. City-specific findings suggest there will be value in conducting more detailed case studies. The curvilinear associations of age with leisure-time physical activity as well as significant interactions of leisure-time activity with sex and education should be further investigated. The findings of lower leisure-time physical activity among females as well as people with low education suggest that greater and continued efforts in physical activity policies and programs tailored to these high-risk groups are needed internationally

Built environment and physical activity: domain- and activity-specific associations among Brazilian adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Physical activity is likely to be determined as a complex interplay between personal, interpersonal, and environmental factors. Studying the built environment involves expanding the focus from the individual perspective to a public health one. Therefore, the objetive of this study was to examine the association between the built environment and objectively-measured physical activity among youth. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of data from of a Brazilian birth cohort during adolescence. Physical activity was measured using accelerometers (GENEActiv) and self-report (International Physical Activity Questionnaire, long version). Participants' home addresses were geocoded and built environment characteristics such as streets' pattern and quality, and public open spaces attributes for physical activity practice were evaluated in a 500-m circular buffer surrounding their homes. RESULTS: A total of 3379 participants were included. Street lighting (β = 2.2; 95%CI: 0.5; 3.9) was positively associated with objectively-measured moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and proportion of paved streets and buffer's average family income were associated with lower MVPA. Living near the beach increased the odds of leisure-time MVPA practice by 3.3 (95%CI: 1.37; 8.02) times. There was a built environment-by-socioeconomic status (SES) interaction for the associations with commuting physical activity; street lighting [Odds ratio (OR) = 1.22; 95%CI: 1.01; 1.47] and presence of cycle lanes (OR = 1.77; 95%CI: 1.05; 2.96) were positively associated with commuting physical activity only among the intermediate SES tertile. CONCLUSION: Beachfront, street lighting, paved streets and cycle lanes were associated with physical activity patterns. This suggests that infrastructure interventions may influence physical activity levels of Brazilian adolescents