Global diversity and distribution of aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs in the tropical and subtropical oceans

The aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic (AAP) bacteria are common in most marine environments but their global diversity and biogeography remain poorly characterized. Here, we analyzed AAP communities across 113 globally-distributed surface ocean stations sampled during the Malaspina Expedition in the tropical and subtropical ocean. By means of amplicon sequencing of the pufM gene, a genetic marker for this functional group, we show that AAP communities along the surface ocean were mainly composed of members of the Halieaceae (Gammaproteobacteria), which were adapted to a large range of environmental conditions, and of different clades of the Alphaproteobacteria, which seemed to dominate under particular circumstances, such as in the oligotrophic gyres. AAP taxa were spatially structured within each of the studied oceans, with communities from adjacent stations sharing more taxonomic similarities. AAP communities were composed of a large pool of rare members and several habitat specialists. When compared to the surface ocean prokaryotic and picoeukaryotic communities, it appears that AAP communities display an idiosyncratic global biogeographical pattern, dominated by selection processes and less influenced by dispersal limitation. Our study contributes to the understanding of how AAP communities are distributed in the horizontal dimension and the mechanisms underlying their distribution across the global surface ocean.Versión del edito

Seasonal niche differentiation among closely related marine bacteria

Bacteria display dynamic abundance fluctuations over time in marine environments, where they play key biogeochemical roles. Here, we characterized the seasonal dynamics of marine bacteria in a coastal oligotrophic time series station, tested how similar the temporal niche of closely related taxa is, and what are the environmental parameters modulating their seasonal abundance patterns. We further explored how conserved the niche is at higher taxonomic levels. The community presented recurrent patterns of seasonality for 297 out of 6825 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), which constituted almost half of the total relative abundance (47%). For certain genera, niche similarity decreased as nucleotide divergence in the 16S rRNA gene increased, a pattern compatible with the selection of similar taxa through environmental filtering. Additionally, we observed evidence of seasonal differentiation within various genera as seen by the distinct seasonal patterns of closely related taxa. At broader taxonomic levels, coherent seasonal trends did not exist at the class level, while the order and family ranks depended on the patterns that existed at the genus level. This study identifies the coexistence of closely related taxa for some bacterial groups and seasonal differentiation for others in a coastal marine environment subjected to a strong seasonality.En prensa8,95

Vertical Niche Partitioning of Archaea and Bacteria Linked to Shifts in Dissolved Organic Matter Quality and Hydrography in North Atlantic Waters

Understanding the factors that modulate prokaryotic assemblages and their niche partitioning in marine environments is a longstanding challenge in marine microbial ecology. This study analyzes amplicon sequence variant (ASV) diversity and co-occurrence of prokaryotic (Archaea and Bacteria) communities through coastal-oceanic gradients in the NW Iberian upwelling system and adjacent open-ocean (Atlantic Ocean). Biogeographic patterns were investigated in relation with environmental conditions, mainly focusing on the optical signature of the dissolved organic matter (DOM). Alpha- and beta-diversity were horizontally homogeneous [with the only exception of Archaea (∼1700 m depth), attributed to the influence of Mediterranean water, MW], while beta-diversity was significantly vertically stratified. Prokaryotic communities were structured in four clusters (upper subsurface, lower subsurface, intermediate, and deep clusters). Deep (>2000 m) archaeal and bacterial assemblages, and intermediate (500-2000 m) Bacteria (mainly SAR202 and SAR406), were significantly related to humic-like DOM (FDOM-M), while intermediate Archaea were additionally related to biogeochemical attributes of the high-salinity signature of MW. Lower subsurface (100-500 m) Archaea (particularly one ASV belonging to the genus Candidatus Nitrosopelagicus) were mainly related to the imprint of high-salinity MW, while upper subsurface (≤100 m) archaeal assemblages (particularly some ASVs belonging to Marine Group II) were linked to protein-like DOM (aCDOM254). Conversely, both upper and lower subsurface bacterial assemblages were mainly linked to aCDOM254 (particularly ASVs belonging to Rhodobacteraceae, Cyanobacteria, and Flavobacteriaceae) and nitrite concentration (mainly members of Planctomycetes). Most importantly, our analysis unveiled depth-ecotypes, such as the ASVs MarG.II_1 belonging to the archaeal deep cluster (linked to FDOM-M) and MarG.II_2 belonging to the upper subsurface cluster (related to FDOM-T and aCDOM254). This result strongly suggests DOM-mediated vertical niche differentiation, with further implications for ecosystem functioning. Similarly, positive and negative co-occurrence relationships also suggested niche partitioning (e.g., between the closely related ASVs Thaum._Nit._Nit._Nit._1 and _2) and competitive exclusion (e.g., between Thaum._Nit._Nit._Nit._4 and _5), supporting the finding of non-randomly, vertically structured prokaryotic communities. Overall, differences between Archaea and Bacteria and among closely related ASVs were revealed in their preferential relationship with compositional changes in the DOM pool and environmental forcing. Our results provide new insights on the ecological processes shaping prokaryotic assembly and biogeography.Versión del edito

Seasonality of marine prokaryotes using taxonomic and functional diversity approaches

Els oceans són ecosistemes dominats per microbis, i els bacteris i els arqueus hi juguen papers clau en els cicles biogeoquímics. En oceans temperats, els canvis estacionals determinen la composició del microbioma a través de les adaptacions de nínxol de les diferents espècies. En aquesta tesi he analitzat l'estacionalitat del microbioma marí usant una sèrie temporal de llarga durada obtinguda a l'Observatori Microbià de la Badia de Blanes per entendre els canvis estacionals mitjançant di verses aproximacions moleculars. A partir de seqüències d'amplicons del gen de l'RNA ribosòmic (16S) he avaluat la dinàmica estacional dels principals grups bacterians durant onze anys, exami nant com són de similars els nínxols temporals de taxons relacionats estretament, i quins són els paràmetres que modulen els seus patrons d'estacionalitat. També he explorat com de conservat és aquest nínxol en els nivells taxonòmics més alts. La comunitat presenta patrons estacionals de recurrència en 297 de les 6725 variants d'amplicons que apareixen, la qual cosa suposa gairebé la meitat de l'abundància relativa total (47%) de seqüències. Per a determinats gèneres, la similitud de nínxol disminueix amb l'increment de divergència en nucleòtids del gen del 16S rRNA, un patró compatible amb selecció de taxons similars per mitjà del filtratge ambiental. També he observat diferents patrons estacionals entre taxons del mateix gènere. A continuació vaig centrar l'anàlisi en els patrons estacionals d'un grup funcional concret. Utilitzant el gen pufM com a marcador dels bacteris aeròbics anoxigènics fotoheterotròfics −un grup funcional rellevant a la xarxa tròfica mari na− he avaluat les seves dinàmiques temporals a través d'anàlisis multivariants i de co-ocurrència. El filogrup K (Gammaproteobacteria) és el grup dominant a l'estructura de la comunitat durant totes les estacions de l'any, amb els filogrups E i G (Alphaproteobacteria) dominants durant la primavera. Els índexs de diversitat presenten un patró estacional clar, amb els valors màxims durant l'hivern i presentant una relació inversa amb l'abundància. Després vam ampliar aquest anàlisi a 21 fun cions biogeoquímiques fent ús de set anys de dades metagenòmiques de l'observatori de Blanes. La majoria dels gens presenten un patró estacional d'abundància: els processos fotoheterotròfics enriquits durant la primavera, els gens relacionat amb l'adquisició de fòsfor dominant durant l'estiu coincidint amb una major limitació de fòsfor, i els enzims de reducció assimilatòria de nitrat correla cionant negativament amb la disponibilitat de nitrat. També he identificat els taxons principals que contenen cada gen funcional, i he demostrat que, per alguns grups, l'estacionalitat a nivell de família és diferent de la del seu repertori gènic, indicant que els taxons dins del mateix grup presenten es pecialització funcional. Finalment, he complementat la visió descriptiva dels canvis temporals amb experiments de manipulació per avaluar com els processos bottom-up i top-down influencien la selecció d'organismes durant les diferents estacions. He modificat experimentalment la presència de depredadors, de virus, la limitació per nutrients (diluint les mostres amb aigua sense microorga nismes) i la llum en mostres de la Badia de Blanes en diferents estacions i he avaluat el creixement de diferents organismes definits a partir de genomes construïts a partir de metagenomes (MAGs, de les sigles en anglès). Vaig recuperar 262 MAGs, principalment de les classes Rhodobacterales, 24 Seasonality of marine prokaryotes using taxonomic and functional diversity approaches Flavobacteriales i Alteromonadales. L'estació de l'any i el tractament influeixen la composició de la comunitat, amb el 26% dels MAGs identificats com a indicadors dels tractaments control, el 24% indicant tant el tractament control com el de reducció de depredadors, el 12.8% indicant tant el tractament de reducció de virus com el tractament diluït, i el 7.3% indicant el tractament de reducció de depredadors. Els MAGs afiliats a Flavobacteriaceae creixien majoritàriament al tractament amb reducció de depredadors, amb diferents espècies a cada estació, mentre que les especies afiliades a Alteromonadaceae i Sphingomonadaceae creixien preferentment als tractaments de reducció víri ca i diluït indistintament de l'estació. En termes generals, aquesta tesi presenta nous resultats sobre els patrons estacionals de grups taxonòmics i funcionals rellevants a l'oceà costaner superficial per mitjà de la integració d'informació obtinguda usant diverses tècniques moleculars i diverses aproximacions experimentals aplicades a sèries temporals de llarga durada.The oceans are ecosystems dominated by microbes, in which bacteria and archaea play key roles in biogeochemical cycling. In temperate oceans, seasonal changes in environmental conditions deeply influence the marine microbiome. In this thesis I analyzed the seasonality of the marine microbiome in a coastal ocean site, using the long-term time series of the Blanes Bay Microbial Observatory (BBMO) to understand the seasonal changes through several molecular approaches. Using amplicons of the 16S rRNA gene, I evaluated the dynamics of the main bacterial groups in this coastal oligotrophic station during 11 years and tested how similar the temporal niches of closely related taxa are, and what are the environmental parameters modulating their patterns of seaso nality. I further explored how conserved the niche is at higher taxonomic levels. The community presented recurrent patterns of seasonality for 297 out of 6825 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), which constituted almost half of the total relative abundance (47%). For certain genera, niche si milarity decreased as nucleotide divergence in the 16S rRNA gene increased, a pattern compatible with the selection of similar taxa through environmental filtering. Additionally, I observed evidence of seasonal differentiation within various genera as seen by the distinct seasonal patterns of clo sely related taxa. I then switched the focus to the seasonal patterns of a specific functional group. Using the pufM gene as a marker gene for the aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria (AAPs) −a relevant photoheterotrophic functional group in the marine microbial food web− I evaluated their long-term temporal dynamics through multivariate and co-occurrence analyses. Phylogroup K (Gammaproteobacteria) was the greatest contributor to community structure over all seasons, with phylogroups E and G (Alphaproteobacteria) being prevalent in spring. The diversity indices showed a clear seasonal trend, with maximum values in winter, which was inverse to that of AAP abundance. I later extended these analyses to 21 biogeochemical relevant functions through 7 years of metagenomic data from the BBMO. Most genes presented a seasonal abundance trend: photoheterotrophic processes were enriched during spring, phosphorous-related genes were do minant during summer coinciding with phosphate limitation conditions, and assimilatory nitrate reductases correlated negatively with nitrate availability. Additionally, I identified the main taxa dri ving each function in each season and showed that, for some groups, the seasonality of bacterial families is different than that of their gene repertoire, so that different taxa within the same group present different functional specialization. Finally, I complemented this descriptive view of the tem poral changes with manipulation experiments to test how bottom-up and top-down factors exert selection on specific bacterial genomic species over the seasons. I experimentally modified the presence of predators, viruses, nutrient limitation (by diluting the samples with filtered seawater) and light availability in seawater from the BBMO in different seasons and assessed the growth of different organisms defined by metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs) under the manipulated conditions. Overall, I recovered 262 MAGs mainly from the Rhodobacterales, Flavobacteriales and Alteromonadales classes. Season and treatment greatly influenced community composition, with 22 Seasonality of marine prokaryotes using taxonomic and functional diversity approaches 26% of the MAGs indicative of the control treatments, 24% of both the control and predator-reduced treatments, 12.8% indicators of both the virus-reduced and the diluted treatments, and 7.3% of the predator-reduced treatment only. Flavobacteriaceae MAGs developed mostly in the predator-redu ced treatment with distinct species at each season, whereas Alteromonadaceae and Sphingomo nadaceae taxa developed preferably in the virus-reduced and diluted treatments indistinctively of season. Overall, this dissertation provides new insights into the seasonal patterns of key taxono mic and functional groups from the coastal surface ocean through the integration of information obtained using several molecular techniques and approaches applied to a long-term time series

Seasonality of biogeohemically relevant genes in the NW Mediterranean coastal microbiome

Marine biogeochemical processes are mediated by microorganisms through protein encoding genes, some being solely present in prokaryotes. During the last decade, genomic site-specific and large-scale expeditions have discovered millions of genes, unveiling new putative functions and large gene phylogenetic heterogeneity. Nonetheless, little still is known about the genomic basis of key biogeochemical processes, the taxonomic groups mediating them and whether seasonal patterns occur across taxonomic levels. For these reasons, we conducted temporal analyses of the functional diversity for 18 key functional genes in a model coastal marine microbiome. We analyzed a 3-year metagenomic time-series from the Blanes Bay Microbial Observatory (NW Mediterranean Sea) through state-of-the-art omics’ tools and time series statistics. Using a new Protein-Level ASSembler (PLASS), based in assembling at the protein space, a large number of potentially new and potentially biogeochemically relevant genes were recovered, which were missed by standard metagenomic analyses. This allowed us to explore the seasonal trends and gene heterogeneity in various key genes involved in the four major marine biogeochemical cycles (carbon, phosphorus, sulfur and nitrogen). Preliminary results show some key functions as seasonal, although with heterogeneity across the different taxonomical ranks. Our results define the seasonality of gene presence in that coastal environment and are the basis to discuss the implications of the seasonality of such genes for ecosystem functionin

Global diversity and distribution of aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs in the tropical and subtropical oceans

The aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic (AAP) bacteria are common in most marine environments but their global diversity and biogeography remain poorly characterized. Here, we analyzed AAP communities across 113 globally-distributed surface ocean stations sampled during the Malaspina Expedition in the tropical and subtropical ocean. By means of amplicon sequencing of the pufM gene, a genetic marker for this functional group, we show that AAP communities along the surface ocean were mainly composed of members of the Halieaceae (Gammaproteobacteria), which were adapted to a large range of environmental conditions, and of different clades of the Alphaproteobacteria, which seemed to dominate under particular circumstances, such as in the oligotrophic gyres. AAP taxa were spatially structured within each of the studied oceans, with communities from adjacent stations sharing more taxonomic similarities. AAP communities were composed of a large pool of rare members and several habitat specialists. When compared to the surface ocean prokaryotic and picoeukaryotic communities, it appears that AAP communities display an idiosyncratic global biogeographical pattern, dominated by selection processes and less influenced by dispersal limitation. Our study contributes to the understanding of how AAP communities are distributed in the horizontal dimension and the mechanisms underlying their distribution across the global surface ocean

Phenology and ecological role of aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs in freshwaters

Background: Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic (AAP) bacteria are heterotrophic bacteria that supply their metabolism with light energy harvested by bacteriochlorophyll-a-containing reaction centers. Despite their substantial contribution to bacterial biomass, microbial food webs, and carbon cycle, their phenology in freshwater lakes remains unknown. Hence, we investigated seasonal variations of AAP abundance and community composition biweekly across 3 years in a temperate, meso-oligotrophic freshwater lake. Results: AAP bacteria displayed a clear seasonal trend with a spring maximum following the bloom of phytoplankton and a secondary maximum in autumn. As the AAP bacteria represent a highly diverse assemblage of species, we followed their seasonal succession using the amplicon sequencing of the pufM marker gene. To enhance the accuracy of the taxonomic assignment, we developed new pufM primers that generate longer amplicons and compiled the currently largest database of pufM genes, comprising 3633 reference sequences spanning all phyla known to contain AAP species. With this novel resource, we demonstrated that the majority of the species appeared during specific phases of the seasonal cycle, with less than 2% of AAP species detected during the whole year. AAP community presented an indigenous freshwater nature characterized by high resilience and heterogenic adaptations to varying conditions of the freshwater environment. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the substantial contribution of AAP bacteria to the carbon flow and ecological dynamics of lakes and unveil a recurrent and dynamic seasonal succession of the AAP community. By integrating this information with the indicator of primary production (Chlorophyll-a) and existing ecological models, we show that AAP bacteria play a pivotal role in the recycling of dissolved organic matter released during spring phytoplankton bloom. We suggest a potential role of AAP bacteria within the context of the PEG model and their consideration in further ecological models.ISSN:2049-261

Long-term seasonal and interannual variability of marine aerobic anoxygenic photoheterotrophic bacteria

We studied the long-term temporal dynamics of the aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic (AAP) bacteria, a relevant functional group in the coastal marine microbial food web, using high-throughput sequencing of the pufM gene coupled with multivariate, time series and co-occurrence analyses at the Blanes Bay Microbial Observatory (NW Mediterranean). Additionally, using metagenomics, we tested whether the used primers captured accurately the seasonality of the most relevant AAP groups. Phylogroup K (Gammaproteobacteria) was the greatest contributor to community structure over all seasons, with phylogroups E and G (Alphaproteobacteria) being prevalent in spring. Diversity indices showed a clear seasonal trend, with maximum values in winter, which was inverse to that of AAP abundance. Multivariate analyses revealed sample clustering by season, with a relevant proportion of the variance explained by day length, temperature, salinity, phototrophic nanoflagellate abundance, chlorophyll a, and silicate concentration. Time series analysis showed robust rhythmic patterns of co-occurrence, but distinct seasonal behaviors within the same phylogroup, and even within different amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) conforming the same operational taxonomic unit (OTU). Altogether, our results picture the AAP assemblage as highly seasonal and recurrent but containing ecotypes showing distinctive temporal niche partitioning, rather than being a cohesive functional group