Diversité floristique des zones côtières pâturées de la Côte d’Ivoire : cas du cordon littoral Port-Bouët-Grand-Bassam (Abidjan)

Une étude floristique a été menée sur l’axe Port-Bouët - Grand-Bassam, (Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire). Elle avait pour objectif de montrer l’intérêt pastoral de la zone. Les relevés de végétation ont été réalisés suivant la méthode stigmatiste classique de Braun-Blanquet et la méthode de tours, afin d’inventorier les espèces floristiques présentes. L’analyse des relevés a permis de dénombrer 190 espèces réparties en 152 genres appartenant à 63 familles botaniques. Parmi ces espèces, 63 plantes fourragères, soit 33,15 % de la flore totale ont été recensées. L’indice de diversité de Shannon pour l’ensemble de la zone d’étude est 4,43. Certaines espèces fourragères, telles que Andropogon canaliculatus, Eriosema glomeratum, Stylosanthes fruticosa, qui sont très appétées par les bovins, sont considérées comme des espèces productrices. L’ensemble de ces espèces à potentialité fourragère, confère à la zone d’étude un intérêt pastoral.Mots clés : flore, fourrage, zone pastorale, zone côtière, Côte d’Ivoire

Alimentation des ovins des marches de vente de betail dans la ville d’Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire

Une étude a été menée pour déterminer l'alimentation, les lieux et contraintes d'approvisionnement des aliments des ovins présents sur les marchés à bétail dans la ville d'Abidjan. Elle a été réalisée à partir d'enquêtes et d'inventaires floristiques effectués sur les marchés à bétail. Il ressort de cette étude que les fourrages constitués, par ordre d'importance, des espèces telles que : Panicum maximum Jacq. (Poaceae), Chloris pilosa Schumach. (Poaceae), Brachiaria lata (Schumach.) Hub (Poaceae) ; Mariscus cylindristachyus Steud. (Cyperaceae), Cyperus longibracteatus (Cherm.) Kuk (Cyperaceae) sont les plus consommées par les animaux. Les lieux de collecte de ces fourrages sont les jachères, les abords de routes et les bas fonds de la ville. Certaines contraintes telles que : (i) manque de liquidité financière, (ii) retard dans les livraisons des fourrages, (iii) absence de structures adaptées à cette activité, (iiii) manque de moyens adéquats pour le prélèvement des fourrages rendent difficile le bon déroulement de l'approvisionnement de ces fourrages. Enfin le développement urbain, commande que l'on mette en place des structures spécialisées dans l'alimentation des ovins et identifie des lieux appropriés à l'approvisionnement en ces fourrages.Mots clés : Marché, ovins, fourrages, Côte d'Ivoire

Evaluation De Quelques Descripteurs Morphologiques Des Populations De Teck (Tectona Grandis L. F) Verbenaceae De La Foret Classee De La Tene (Côte D’ivoire)

Dans le cadre de l’évaluation des ressources génétiques du teck, des études de diversité morphologique ont été entreprises sur les populations introduites à la Téné en Côte d’Ivoire. L’objectif est d’évaluer la variabilité de certains descripteurs afin d’identifier les plus discriminants. Les analyses ont porté sur cinq variables quantitatives (la hauteur totale des arbres, la circonférence du tronc à 1,30 mètre du sol, la présence de fourche, l’index de bosses et bourgeons, et la rectitude axiale) liées à l’architecture de l’arbre. Ces cinq caractères ont permis de cribler 445 individus appartenant à 10 populations. A l’exception de la rectitude axiale de l’arbre, toutes les autres variables permettent de distinguer des classes phénotypiques bien distinctes. Ainsi l’analyse de sa diversité génétique a permis de retenir la circonférence de l’arbre, l’index de bosse et de bourgeons, et la hauteur totale de l’arbre comme étant les variables biométriques qui caractérisent le mieux les populations de teck. Cette étude a également permis d’identifier les populations Bigwa (Tanzanie) et de Masale valley (Inde du sud) comme étant les plus performantes. Outre ce résultat, les Analyses en Composantes Principales (ACP) montrent que les variables contribuent à la révélation de 71,62 % de la variabilité totale sur les deux axes principaux. La Classification Ascendante Hiérarchique (CAH) a permis de typer les populations en trois groupes.Mots clés : Classification, Côte d’Ivoire, diversité génétique, Tectona grandis, descripteurs morphologiques. As part of an evaluation of genetic resources of teak, studies of morphological diversity were carried out on the populations of Téné in Côte d’Ivoire. The objective of this study was to evaluate the variation in descriptors in order to identify those which give the best discrimination. The analyses were carried out on five quantitative variables (the total height, the circumference, the fork; the bumps and buds index, and the straightness) related to the structure and shape of the tree. Five characters are allowed to screen 445 individuals belonging to 10 populations. All the variables studied were able to distinguish phenotypic classes among individuals in the population. This study showed that the circumference of the shaft, bump index and buds, and the total height of the tree are the most discriminant characters. The biometric characters identified Bigwa (Tanzania) and Masale valley (India) as the most performant populations. The results of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) show that the variables accounted for 71.62 % of the variation in the first two principal axes. TheHierarchical Ascendant Classification has allowed the characterization of teak populations. On the other hand, this study allows us to clarified origin of Tové (Togo) population. It was from North India.Key words : Classification, Côte d’Ivoire, genetic diversity, morphological descriptors, Tectona grandis. Article in French

Effet du glyphosate sur les parametres physiologiques du latex et les proprietes technologiques du caoutchouc des heveas (gt 1, pb 217, pr 107) dans le cadre de la lutte contre les loranthaceae en Cote d’Ivoire

L’objectif de cette étude est d’évaluer l’effet du Glyphosate sur les paramètres physiologiques du latex et sur les propriétés  technologiques du caoutchouc dans le cadre de la lutte contre les Loranthaceae en hévéaculture. Pour ce faire, 10 ml d’une solution de Glyphosate 360 g/l ont été injectés à cinq plants d’hévéas des clones GT 1, PB 217 et PR 107 parasités par les Loranthaceae. Diverses méthodes appropriées ont été utilisées pour déterminer la proportion des paramètres physiologiques des latex et les propriétés technologues des caoutchoucs. L’effet du Glyphosate sur les paramètres physiologiques du latex des hévéas traités et sur les propriétés technologiques du caoutchouc a été évalué et comparé aux paramètres physiologiques et aux propriétés technologiques des caoutchoucs des hévéas témoins n’ayant pas reçus de matière active (Glyphosate). De plus, les valeurs obtenues ont été comparées aux valeurs de référence. Il ressort de cette étude que, dans la lutte contre les Loranthaceae en plantation hévéicole,  l’injection de 10 ml de Glyphosate (360 g/L) à l’hévéa n’affecte ni les paramètres physiologiques du latex, ni les propriétés technologiques du caoutchouc. Mots clés : Glyphosate, hévéa, Loranthaceae, paramètres physiologiques du latex, propriétés technologiques du caoutchouc   English Title: Effect of glyphosate on the physiological parameters of latex and the technological properties of rubber from rubber tree (GT 1, PB 217, PR 107) in the control of loranthaceae in Cote d’Ivoire The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of Glyphosate on the physiological properties of the latex and on the technological properties of the rubber in the control of Loranthaceae in rubber trees cultivation. To do this, 10 ml of a 360 g/l solution of Glyphosate were injected into five rubber plants of clones GT 1, PB 217 and PR 107 parasitized by Loranthaceae. Various appropriate methods have been used in order to determine physiological parameters of latex and the technological properties of rubber. The effect of Glyphosate on the physiological parameters of latex and on the technological properties of rubber was evaluated and compared to the  physiological parameters of latex and technological properties of rubbers those did not receive any active ingredient (Glyphosate). The obtained values were also compared to reference values. It appears from this study that, in the control of Loranthaceae in rubber plantation, the injection of 10 ml of Glyphosate (360 g/L) into rubber trees does not affect either the physiological parameters of latex or the technological properties of rubber. Keywords : Glyphosate, rubber tree, Loranthaceae, physiological parameters of latex, rubber technological propertie

Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

SummaryBackground The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 provides an up-to-date synthesis of the evidence for risk factor exposure and the attributable burden of disease. By providing national and subnational assessments spanning the past 25 years, this study can inform debates on the importance of addressing risks in context. Methods We used the comparative risk assessment framework developed for previous iterations of the Global Burden of Disease Study to estimate attributable deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and trends in exposure by age group, sex, year, and geography for 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks from 1990 to 2015. This study included 388 risk-outcome pairs that met World Cancer Research Fund-defined criteria for convincing or probable evidence. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from randomised controlled trials, cohorts, pooled cohorts, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. We developed a metric that allows comparisons of exposure across risk factors—the summary exposure value. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk level, we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We decomposed trends in attributable burden into contributions from population growth, population age structure, risk exposure, and risk-deleted cause-specific DALY rates. We characterised risk exposure in relation to a Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Findings Between 1990 and 2015, global exposure to unsafe sanitation, household air pollution, childhood underweight, childhood stunting, and smoking each decreased by more than 25%. Global exposure for several occupational risks, high body-mass index (BMI), and drug use increased by more than 25% over the same period. All risks jointly evaluated in 2015 accounted for 57·8% (95% CI 56·6–58·8) of global deaths and 41·2% (39·8–42·8) of DALYs. In 2015, the ten largest contributors to global DALYs among Level 3 risks were high systolic blood pressure (211·8 million [192·7 million to 231·1 million] global DALYs), smoking (148·6 million [134·2 million to 163·1 million]), high fasting plasma glucose (143·1 million [125·1 million to 163·5 million]), high BMI (120·1 million [83·8 million to 158·4 million]), childhood undernutrition (113·3 million [103·9 million to 123·4 million]), ambient particulate matter (103·1 million [90·8 million to 115·1 million]), high total cholesterol (88·7 million [74·6 million to 105·7 million]), household air pollution (85·6 million [66·7 million to 106·1 million]), alcohol use (85·0 million [77·2 million to 93·0 million]), and diets high in sodium (83·0 million [49·3 million to 127·5 million]). From 1990 to 2015, attributable DALYs declined for micronutrient deficiencies, childhood undernutrition, unsafe sanitation and water, and household air pollution; reductions in risk-deleted DALY rates rather than reductions in exposure drove these declines. Rising exposure contributed to notable increases in attributable DALYs from high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, occupational carcinogens, and drug use. Environmental risks and childhood undernutrition declined steadily with SDI; low physical activity, high BMI, and high fasting plasma glucose increased with SDI. In 119 countries, metabolic risks, such as high BMI and fasting plasma glucose, contributed the most attributable DALYs in 2015. Regionally, smoking still ranked among the leading five risk factors for attributable DALYs in 109 countries; childhood underweight and unsafe sex remained primary drivers of early death and disability in much of sub-Saharan Africa. Interpretation Declines in some key environmental risks have contributed to declines in critical infectious diseases. Some risks appear to be invariant to SDI. Increasing risks, including high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, drug use, and some occupational exposures, contribute to rising burden from some conditions, but also provide opportunities for intervention. Some highly preventable risks, such as smoking, remain major causes of attributable DALYs, even as exposure is declining. Public policy makers need to pay attention to the risks that are increasingly major contributors to global burden. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

A new method to determine the diet of pygmy hippopotamus in Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire

This research was funded by “Fond des donations” of the University of Neuchâtel and the “Willy Müller Award” of the Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire.Diet determination of endangered species is an essential element in defining successful conservation strategies and optimising captive breeding programmes. In this study, we developed a new diet identification system, derived from standard faecal analysis, to determine the diet of an elusive and endangered herbivore, the pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis). We collected faecal samples from 10 free-ranging individuals covering a combined home range area of about 50 km2 in Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire. In subsequent laboratory analyses, we extracted a large number of leaf epidermis fragments from spatially separated faecal samples and compared them with a reference plant database. Using Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) of epidermis fragments combined with direct visual inspection, we identified the most frequently consumed plant species, which revealed that pygmy hippopotami qualified as intermediate feeders. Their diet was based on at least seven species of monocotyledonae, dicotyledonae and fern groups, with a preference for a small number of other plant species. We evaluate the merit of our method and discuss our findings for developing effective conservation and captive breeding strategies in an endangered species with a wild population of less than 2500 adult individuals.PostprintPeer reviewe

Aboveground forest biomass varies across continents, ecological zones and successional stages: Refined IPCC default values for tropical and subtropical forests

For monitoring and reporting forest carbon stocks and fluxes, many countries in the tropics and subtropics rely on default values of forest aboveground biomass (AGB) from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Inventories. Default IPCC forest AGB values originated from 2006, and are relatively crude estimates of average values per continent and ecological zone. The 2006 default values were based on limited plot data available at the time, methods for their derivation were not fully clear, and no distinction between successional stages was made. As part of the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for GHG Inventories, we updated the default AGB values for tropical and subtropical forests based on AGB data from >25 000 plots in natural forests and a global AGB map where no plot data were available. We calculated refined AGB default values per continent, ecological zone, and successional stage, and provided a measure of uncertainty. AGB in tropical and subtropical forests varies by an order of magnitude across continents, ecological zones, and successional stage. Our refined default values generally reflect the climatic gradients in the tropics, with more AGB in wetter areas. AGB is generally higher in old-growth than in secondary forests, and higher in older secondary (regrowth >20 years old and degraded/logged forests) than in young secondary forests (20 years old). While refined default values for tropical old-growth forest are largely similar to the previous 2006 default values, the new default values are 4.0-7.7-fold lower for young secondary forests. Thus, the refined values will strongly alter estimated carbon stocks and fluxes, and emphasize the critical importance of old-growth forest conservation. We provide a reproducible approach to facilitate future refinements and encourage targeted efforts to establish permanent plots in areas with data gaps