Effect of material property in foundation during earthquake on the embankment

The dynamic analysis process started after any loss of embankment with associated huge damages like cracks during the earthquake. Literature review indicated that the maximum displacement during the earthquake is conducted to the crest and interface between the embankment with water reservoir, and foundations were cased. This paper evaluated the effect of material properties of the foundation for the two conditions so the result is related at the end of construction with supplying water. Numerical analyses of models were performed by finite element with plane strain method and ANSYS13 software. Earthquake recording as Nagan with 5.02 seconds and peak ground acceleration equal to is used. Results indicated that with a comparison of horizontal and vertical displacement, shear strain and shear stress so nonisotropic behavior of embankment especially in the up to part of the structure was obvious. It is required to consider an improvement of dynamic settlement with reinforcement structure in the future

Computer Aided Reverse Engineering with Renishaw Digitizer for Digitization and Mazak for Model Fabrication

Application of reverse engineering (RE) is gaining its popularity in product design and manufacturing in recent years. It takes whatever methods, manual or computer-aided methods, to duplicate an existing object or system, either hardware or software. This report discovers about the process of exploring technical challenges to automatically generate computer-aided design (CAD) of an existing part using touch probe imaging techniques. This concept, computer-aided reverse engineering system has a potential for faster model duplication over traditional reverse engineering technologies. RENISHAW 3D Laser Digitizer was used to digitize the object and then the models were saved in IGES file format. CATIA CAD then has been used to create the solid model of the object, and finally the laminated object will be manufactured using MAZAK machine. In this project, a soccer boot has been reverse engineered. A prototype of the shoe was fabricated using the CNC codes that were obtained from UG NX3. The methodology of this process was presented, and this case study illustrated the RE approach. Technical challenges and future research directions in computer aided reverse engineering were identified. This approach has proved that, CAD Reverse Engineering increased the effectiveness in remodeling a product. These benefits include to reduce the time consume when generating the coordinates and also to get an accurate dimension of the object. It means that, complex contours of the shoe can be machined accurately by using this approach

Seismic Hazard Assessment For Peninsular Malaysia Using Gumbel Distribution Method

This Paper Presents The Preliminary Study On Seismic Hazard Assessment Which Involved Developing Macrozonation Map For Two Hazard Levels, I.E. 10% And 2% Probabilities Of Exceedance In 50 Years For Bedrock Of Peninsular Malaysia. The Analysis Was Performed Using Statistic Theory Of Extreme Values From Gumbel. The Analysis Covered The Earthquake Data Processing (Such As Choosing A Consistent Magnitude To Be Used In The Analysis And Identifying Main Shock Events), And Selection Of Appropriate Attenuation Relationship. Results Showed That The Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) Across The Peninsular Malaysia Range Between 10 And 25 Gal For 10% Probability Of Exceedance, And Between 15 And 35 Gal For 2% Probability Of Exceedance In 50 Years Hazard Levels. These Values Were Lower By About 50 To 65% Than Those Obtained From Deterministic Analysis

Vulnerability of public buildings subjected to earthquake by finite element modelling

Tremors in Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia due to Sumatra and Philippine earthquakes have been reported several times. Engineers are concerned of the seismic vulnerability of public buildings due to lack of earthquake consideration in Malaysia’s building design procedure. This study addresses the vulnerability of public buildings in Malaysia subjected to earthquakes from Sumatra and Philippines. A case study has been conducted on low rise to medium rise reinforced concrete buildings, which are mostly categorized as moment resisting frames. The buildings are analyzed using Finite Element Modeling (FEM) under different types of analyses including Free Vibration Analysis (FVA), and Time History Analysis (THA) considering low to medium earthquake intensities. The study indicates that more than 50% of the buildings produced dynamic amplification factors of slightly more than one indicating not much of a dynamic response to the buildings. The performances of the structure are shown by the yield point at beam-column connections where the internal forces at beam elements exceed the design capacity of the beams. In the non-linear analysis, the largest damage index is still under the intermediate level where no structural damage is indicated, but some non-structural damage are expected

Analysis of prestress concrete highway bridges with and without rubber bearing

Malaysia has been using bridge rubber bearing in their practices to isolate vertical vibration from the movement of traffics. The bearings placed between the bridge decks and the upper side of columns are constructed to make sure the loading couldn’t affect the overall structure of bridge and other structures. In structural earthquake engineering, natural rubber and steel are used mainly in base isolator that is one of the energy dissipation systems to reduce earthquake effect on structures. With laminated natural rubber and steel, the bearing can provide very high vertical stiffness and very flexible in horizontal direction to make sure the mounts can support the loading from the structure and prevent excessive sideways from any horizontal loading especially when earthquake occur. Most bridges in Malaysia are multi-span simply supported where due to impact at the joints. In the design guidelines clearly state that, in Malaysia, no seismic consideration in bridges designing especially for JKR bridges. This study try to analyse the common JKR Bridge fewer than two types of Earthquake ground motion (San Fernando and El Centro Earthquake) and also Truck load. The overall objective of this study was to evaluate the linear response spectrum analysis of actual bridge: i.Evaluate the combined effect of longitudinal and transverse earthquake excitation on the response of actual JKR bridge using 2-D and 3-D models, ii.Determine the capacity/ demand ratios for various bridge components using JKR guidelines, and iii.Recommended possible modifications to the design of new bridges and response possible retrofit procedures for existing bridges

Computer Aided Reverse Engineering with Renishaw Digitizer for Digitization and Mazak for Model Fabrication

Application of reverse engineering (RE) is gaining its popularity in product design and manufacturing in recent years. It takes whatever methods, manual or computer-aided methods, to duplicate an existing object or system, either hardware or software. This report discovers about the process of exploring technical challenges to automatically generate computer-aided design (CAD) of an existing part using touch probe imaging techniques. This concept, computer-aided reverse engineering system has a potential for faster model duplication over traditional reverse engineering technologies. RENISHAW 3D Laser Digitizer was used to digitize the object and then the models were saved in IGES file format. CATIA CAD then has been used to create the solid model of the object, and finally the laminated object will be manufactured using MAZAK machine. In this project, a soccer boot has been reverse engineered. A prototype of the shoe was fabricated using the CNC codes that were obtained from UG NX3. The methodology of this process was presented, and this case study illustrated the RE approach. Technical challenges and future research directions in computer aided reverse engineering were identified. This approach has proved that, CAD Reverse Engineering increased the effectiveness in remodeling a product. These benefits include to reduce the time consume when generating the coordinates and also to get an accurate dimension of the object. It means that, complex contours of the shoe can be machined accurately by using this approach

Performance of low and medium-rise concrete frames under various intensities earthquake in Malaysia / Rozaina Ismail, Azlan Adnan and Azmi Ibrahim

This paper presents the vulnerability of public buildings in Malaysia subjected to earthquakes from Sumatra and Philippines. Tremors in Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia due to Sumatra and Philippine earthquakes have been reported several times. Engineers are concerned of the seismic vulnerability of public buildings due to lack of earthquake consideration in Malaysia’s building design procedure. 21 reinforced concrete buildings which are mostly categorized as moment resisting frames has been selected for vulnerability study. A case study has been conducted on low rise with 6 (six) buildings and 15 numbers of medium rise building. The buildings are analyzed using Finite Element Modeling (FEM) under different types of analyses including Free Vibration Analysis (FVA), and Time History Analysis (THA) considering low to medium earthquake intensities. Different intensities of earthquake load, 0.01g up to 0.5g are applied to the structures to know the maximum allowable earthquake load intensities for the buildings. In the non-linear analysis of modal frames, it indicates that most of the buildings were categorised in the moderate damage level where there is no structural damage but some non-structural damage are expected. Most of the buildings were collapse with the intensity of 0.5g. The performances of the structure are shown by the yield point at beam-column connections where the internal forces at beam elements exceed the design capacity of the beams. The study indicates that the plastic hinge initially formed on the beam at the lower storey level for medium-rise of building frame. However for low rise building, it shows that the plastic hinge formed begun at low and higher storey level at beam

The Mechanical Properties of High Strength Concrete for Box Girder Bridge Deck in Malaysia

This paper presents an experimental investigation of the mechanical properties of high strength concrete for box girder bridge deck in Malaysia. To study the Malaysia condition, high strength concrete samples were obtained from a Malaysian precast concrete factory that provides precast and in-situ concrete for box girder bridge deck construction. The mixed design properties of this type of concrete mixture were investigated; including the slump test, compressive strength, flexural strength, static modulus elasticity and Poisson’s ratio. Stress-strain curve relationship was produced as well, to be used for non-linear behaviour study

Intelligent Monitoring System on Prediction of Building Damage Index using Neural-Network

An earthquake potentially destroys a tall building. The building damage can be indexed by FEMA into three categories namely immediate occupancy (IO), life safety (LS), and collapse prevention (CP). To determine the damage index, the building model has been simulated into structure analysis software. Acceleration data has been analyzed using non linear method in structure analysis program. The earthquake load is time history at surface, PGA=0105g. This work proposes an intelligent monitoring system utilizing artificial neural network to predict the building damage index. The system also provides an alert system and notification to inform the status of the damage. Data learning is trained on ANN utilizing feed forward and back propagation algorithm. The alert system is designed to be able to activate the alarm sound, view the alert bar or text, and send notification via email to the security or management. The system is tested using sample data represented in three conditions involving IO, LS, and CP. The results show that the proposed intelligent monitoring system could provide prediction of up to 92% rate of accuracy and activate the alert. Implementation of the system in building monitoring would allow for rapid, intelligent and accurate prediction of the building damage index due to earthquake

An Experimental Study on Pile Spacing Effects under Lateral Loading in Sand

Grouped and single pile behavior differs owing to the impacts of the pile-to-pile interaction. Ultimate lateral resistance and lateral subgrade modulus within a pile group are known as the key parameters in the soil-pile interaction phenomenon. In this study, a series of experimental investigation was carried out on single and group pile subjected to monotonic lateral loadings. Experimental investigations were conducted on twelve model pile groups of configurations 1 × 2, 1 × 3, 2 × 2, 3 × 3, and 3 × 2 for embedded length-to-diameter ratio l/d = 32 into loose and dense sand, spacing from 3 to 6 pile diameter, in parallel and series arrangement. The tests were performed in dry sand from Johor Bahru, Malaysia. To reconstruct the sand samples, the new designed apparatus, Mobile Pluviator, was adopted. The ultimate lateral load is increased 53% in increasing of s/d from 3 to 6 owing to effects of sand relative density. An increasing of the number of piles in-group decreases the group efficiency owing to the increasing of overlapped stress zones and active wedges. A ratio of s/d more than 6d is large enough to eliminate the pile-to-pile interaction and the group effects. It may be more in the loose sand