49 research outputs found
India and the World after Covid-19: Climate Aspect
This research ponders over the climate aspect during the Covid 19. The purpose of this is too aware and disseminate the outbreak of covid 19 cases hiking in a sky rocketing way. This study will focus on the contents of covid 19 where people are battling to overcome the hazard happening around vicinity brought by climate aspect. Its consist of information and analysis of different countries, metamorphosis of the nature with its pulchritude, tactic that need to be followed to overcome predicament, major affected tribe, initiative by various countries, climate aspect, impact at utmost level, drastic change within a smidge, crucial steps to curb COVID-19. This is also fruitful to know the behavior of nature during the COVID-19 climate change. The data were obtained through various authorized news channel and worldometers
Study of In-vitro Antioxidant and Antibacterial activity of leaf extract of Azadirachta indica, and Ocimum sanctum in different organic solvents and Cow urine
Background: Neem (Azadirachta indica), Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) and Cow urine (Bos indicus) has been widely used as a therapeutic potential or additive agent in different ethnomedicinal practices as well as modern science also proved its therapeutic potential to treat various diseases and balance the body conditions.
Aims: Alone study on Neem, Tulsi and Cow urine (CU) has been widely performed but this study aims to evaluate the individual as well as synergistic antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Neem, and Tulsi’s leaves extract in different organic solvents and Cow urine.
Materials and Methods: Antioxidant activity was carried out by using 2,2-Diphenyl1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and the antibacterial activity was tested by the agar disc diffusion method against gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris and Klebsiella species) bacteria.
Results: The antioxidant and antibacterial activity is concentration-dependent. The neem extract in chloroform shows the highest ZOI against S. aureus (14±2). Similarly, the neem extract in cow urine (8±0.86) and tulsi extract in methanol (8±1.04) shows the highest ZOI against E. coli. Against K. species cow urine is most effective (9±0.29) followed by neem extract in chloroform and cow urine (8±0.77). In P. vulgaris almost all sample shows ZOI around 7 mm. In synergistic antibacterial study tulsi and neem extract in cow urine shows the highest ZOI against E. coli (12±1.75) and P. vulgaris (10±1.44). The tulsi and neem extract in hexane is not effective against S. aureus and E. coli but effective in P. vulgaris and K. species (ZOI 7 mm). Tulsi and neem extract in chloroform, methanol, and cow urine show similar ZOI (9 mm). In DPPH free radical scavenging activity the methanolic extract of tulsi shows the highest inhibition of free radicle (96.35±0.001), followed by methanolic extract of neem (84.85±0.042). The fresh cow urine inhibits (25.19±0.037) followed by neem extract in chloroform (24.53±0.003), neem extract in cow urine (21.8±0.012), tulsi extract in chloroform (20.86±0.047), tulsi extract in hexane (19.5±0.031), tulsi extract in cow urine (18.33±0.023) and the least inhibition by neem extract in hexane (6.74±0.042)
Shigellosis in Nepal: 13 years review of nationwide surveillance
Background: Shigella is a major cause of gastroenteritis especially
in children. In developing countries, the incidence is frequent and
results are often life threatening. Changing epidemiology and emerging
antibiotic resistance warrants continuous monitoring of susceptibility.
The present study highlights the changing epidemiology and drug
resistance patterns of Shigella isolated at different hospitals of
Nepal over a period of 13 years (Jan. 2003\u2013Dec. 2015). Methods:
This study was carried out in 12 participating laboratories. Stool
specimens received at respective laboratories were processed for
isolation and identification of Shigella species and confirmed by
serotyping at National Public Health Laboratory. Antimicrobial
resistance patterns were determined by Kirby Baeur disc diffusion test.
Results: A total of 332 isolates were identified as Shigella species of
which Shigella flexneri (50 %) was the predominant serotype. Shigella
dysenteriae , Shigella sonnei , Shigella boydii , and untypable
Shigella spp. respectively, accounted for 28.6, 27.54, 10.2, 4.5, and
6.6 % of the total number. Change in prevalent serotype is noted over
the years. S. dysenteriae was the prevalent species in Nepal in 2003
and 2004, but since 2005, S. flexneri remained prevalent. Majority of
the isolates were recovered from children aged 1\u201310 years and was
statistically significant (p = 0.023) compared to the other age groups.
High resistance among all Shigella species to the first-line drugs like
ampicillin (88 %), cotrimoxazole (76 %), ciprofloxacin (39 %,) and
nalidixic acid (80 %) was observed; 46.1 % of total isolates were
multidrug resistant (MDR), and the most common MDR profile was
ampicillin, nalidixic acid, and co-trimoxazole. Prevalence of MDR
increased significantly in 2010 as compared to 2003. Only few Shigella
isolates were resistant to ceftriaxone. Conclusions: The study revealed
S. flexneri as the predominant serogroup in Nepal. Children below 10
years were more prone to the disease. Nalidixic acid, ampicillin,
co-trimoxazole, and ciprofloxacin should not be used empirically as the
first-line drugs in treatment of shigellosis. Since the distribution of
different species of Shigella and their antibiotic susceptibility
profile may vary from one geographical location to another and may also
change with time, continuous local monitoring of resistance patterns is
necessary for appropriate antimicrobial therapy
Statistical analysis of the Indus script using -grams
The Indus script is one of the major undeciphered scripts of the ancient
world. The small size of the corpus, the absence of bilingual texts, and the
lack of definite knowledge of the underlying language has frustrated efforts at
decipherment since the discovery of the remains of the Indus civilisation.
Recently, some researchers have questioned the premise that the Indus script
encodes spoken language. Building on previous statistical approaches, we apply
the tools of statistical language processing, specifically -gram Markov
chains, to analyse the Indus script for syntax. Our main results are that the
script has well-defined signs which begin and end texts, that there is
directionality and strong correlations in the sign order, and that there are
groups of signs which appear to have identical syntactic function. All these
require no {\it a priori} suppositions regarding the syntactic or semantic
content of the signs, but follow directly from the statistical analysis. Using
information theoretic measures, we find the information in the script to be
intermediate between that of a completely random and a completely fixed
ordering of signs. Our study reveals that the Indus script is a structured sign
system showing features of a formal language, but, at present, cannot
conclusively establish that it encodes {\it natural} language. Our -gram
Markov model is useful for predicting signs which are missing or illegible in a
corpus of Indus texts. This work forms the basis for the development of a
stochastic grammar which can be used to explore the syntax of the Indus script
in greater detail
The perfect storm: Disruptions to institutional delivery care arising from the COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal
Background The COVID-19 pandemic has led to system-wide disruption of health services globally. We assessed
the effect of the pandemic on the disruption of institutional
delivery care in Nepal.
Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study among
52356 women in nine hospitals to assess the disruption of
institutional delivery care during the pandemic (comparing
March to August in 2019 with the same months in 2020).
We also conducted a nested follow up cohort study with
2022 women during the pandemic to assess their provision
and experience of respectful care. We used linear regression
models to assess the association between provision and experience of care with volume of hospital births and women’s
residence in a COVID-19 hotspot area.
Results The mean institutional births during the pandemic across the nine hospitals was 24563, an average decrease
of 11.6% (P<0.0001) in comparison to the same time-period in 2019. The institutional birth in high-medium volume
hospitals declined on average by 20.8% (P<0.0001) during
the pandemic, whereas in low-volume hospital institutional birth increased on average by 7.9% (P=0.001). Maternity
services halted for a mean of 4.3 days during the pandemic
and there was a redeployment staff to COVID-19 dedicated
care. Respectful provision of care was better in hospitals with
low-volume birth (β=0.446, P<0.0001) in comparison to
high-medium-volume hospitals. There was a positive association between women’s residence in a COVID-19 hotspot
area and respectful experience of care (β=0.076, P=0.001).
Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic has had differential
effects on maternity services with changes varying by the volume of births per hospital with smaller volume facilities doing better. More research is needed to investigate the effects
of the pandemic on where women give birth and their provision and experience of respectful maternity care to inform
a “building-back-better” approach in post-pandemic period
Outcome predictors in scrub typhus requiring ventilator and vasopressor support
Age and serum creatinine are known to be predictors of mortality in scrub typhus patients admitted in intensive care unit. This study aimed to explore the factors predicting mortality in patients with scrub typhus requiring both ventilator and vasopressor support in our set up.A retrospective analysis of 43 patients with scrub typhus (ELISA IgM positive, optical density ?0.5) admitted in Medical Intensive Care unit of Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital between April 2016 to September 2017 was performed considering recovery or death (poor outcome) as outcome measurement. Potential variables (
Antioxidant, α-Glucosidase, and α-Amylase Inhibition Activities of Erythropalum scandens Blume
Diabetes is a major health problem worldwide, which is increasing day by day. Since ancient times, medicinal plants have been a key source of medicinal agents, and many of them have been authorized as strong medications or drug candidates. This study evaluated the antioxidant, α-glucosidase, and α-amylase inhibition activities of Erythropalum scandens Blume. The plant revealed the significant antioxidant and in vitro antidiabetic activity. The crude methanolic extract reported the highest antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 59.35 ± 5.47 μg/mL, followed by its dichloromethane (DCM) and ethyl acetate (EA) fractions with an IC50 of 66.45 ± 2.46 μg/mL and 80.46 ± 2.69 μg/mL, respectively, as compared to the standard quercetin’s IC50 value of 6.29 ± 1.02 μg/mL. Among the crude extract and its fractions, the EA fraction disclosed the significant inhibiting activity against α-glucosidase and α-amylase with an IC50 value of 17.92 ± 0.88 μg/mL and 44.51 ± 0.12 μg/mL, respectively. This research work has scientifically validated the traditional use of this plant