Towards eco-friendly crop protection: natural deep eutectic solvents and defensive secondary metabolites

Plant science

Determination of the major compounds in the extract of the subterranean termite Macrotermes gilvus Hagen digestive tract by GC-MS method

Degradation of woody components by termites is associated with symbionts inside their digestive tract. In this study, the major compounds were determined in the extract of the termite guts by GC-MS method. Macrotermes gilvus Hagen (worker caste) termites were collected and their dissected guts underwent methanol extraction. It was found that the gut of the termites has an alkaline environment (pH 8.83 ± 0.31) that supports the digestion of lignocellulose biomass and also helps to solubilize phenolic and recalcitrant compounds resul­ting from the depolymerization of woody components. The GC-MS analysis showed that termite guts contained hydrophobic organosilicon components including dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane, tetradecamethylcyclohexa­siloxane, hexadecamethylcyclooctasiloxane, and octasiloxane, 1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7,9,9,11,11,13,13,15,15-hexa­decamethyl. The guts also contained a phytosterol, which was identified as β-sitosterol. Further analysis of these water-insoluble compounds is needed to reveal their importance in termite digestion

BAKTERI PENGHASIL AMILASE YANG DIISOLASI DARI EKOENZIM LIMBAH BUAH-BUAHAN

Many of potential enzymes can be found in the ecoenzyme, one of them is amylase. Amylase is an enzyme that is able to hydrolize the glycoside bonds of starch or starch into dextrin, glucose and maltose which is widely used in various industries such as beverages. This study aims to isolate the ecoenzyme bacteria and test their ability to produce amylase. Isolation of ecoenzyme bacteria was carried out using serial dilution methods 10-1, 10-3, 10-5. A total of 0.1 ml of each dilution series was pipetted and spread on the Nutrient agar (NA) medium. The bacterial isolates that grew were then purified and identified by morphological observation, Gram staining and their enzymatic activity was tested using Starch Agar (SA) media qualitatively. The results of this study showed there were 39 bacterial isolates from ecoenzyme with different morphological characteristics. The amylase activity test were found that 34 isolates had a positive activity to hydrolize the starch in the SA media which was indicated by the formation of a clear zone around the bacterial colonies. Each bacterial isolate had a different hydrolysis index value, which ranged from 9.45 to 23.65. The highest clear zone diameter index value from starch hydrolysis was EJM 15 isolate. &nbsp

Ekstrak Bunga Tapak Kuda (Ipomoea Pescaprae L. Sweet) Sebagai Medium Sintesis Nanopartikel Emas

Pada penelitian ini, nanopartikel emas disiapkan melalui pendekatan green synthesis menggunakan ekstrak air bunga tapak kuda (Ipomoea pescaprae L. Sweet). Nanopartikel emas yang dihasilkan dianalisis menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis, Mikroskop Leica, Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), Spektrofotometer Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) dan X-ray Difractometer (XRD). Hasil pengukuran PSA menunjukkan ukuran partikel terbaik, diperoleh dengan menggunakan perbandingan volume 1 mL larutan HAuCl4 dengan 9 mL ekstrak yang menghasilkan partikel dengan ukuran rata-rata 16,3 nm. Hasil penampakan dengan mikroskop cahaya, memperlihatkan partikel berbentuk bulat. Pergeseran bilangan gelombang pada spektrum infra-merah menunjukkan adanya interaksi antara metabolit sekunder dari ekstrak dengan material emas. Analisis XRD menunjukkan bahwa nanopartikel emas telah dapat dihasilkan dari kondisi reaksi ini

Bakteri Penghasil Amilase yang Diisolasi dari Ekoenzim Limbah Buah-buahan

Many of potential enzymes can be found in the ecoenzyme, one of them is amylase. Amylase is an enzyme that is able to hydrolize the glycoside bonds of starch or starch into dextrin, glucose and maltose which is widely used in various industries such as beverages. This study aims to isolate the ecoenzyme bacteria and test their ability to produce amylase. Isolation of ecoenzyme bacteria was carried out using serial dilution methods 10-1, 10-3, 10-5. A total of 0.1 ml of each dilution series was pipetted and spread on the Nutrient agar (NA) medium. The bacterial isolates that grew were then purified and identified by morphological observation, Gram staining and their enzymatic activity was tested using Starch Agar (SA) media qualitatively. The results of this study showed there were 39 bacterial isolates from ecoenzyme with different morphological characteristics. The amylase activity test were found that 34 isolates had a positive activity to hydrolize the starch in the SA media which was indicated by the formation of a clear zone around the bacterial colonies. Each bacterial isolate had a different hydrolysis index value, which ranged from 9.45 to 23.65. The highest clear zone diameter index value from starch hydrolysis was EJM 15 isolate. &nbsp

Gnetum gnemon L.Gnetaceae

Cambodia: khalet, voe, (general), klot (Phnom Kulen). Indonesia: belinjo, melinjo (general), gnemo, rukiti (Molluccas), ka’cuang (Dayak Kanayatn), ko’nyah (Enggano ethnic in Sumatra), lewehuka, mlinjo, morahuka (Wonani Island), tangkil (Betawi, Javanese, Sundanese). Malaysia: amaninjau (general), dodah (Bidayuh), sabong (Bintulu), belinjau, garintul, meninjau, melindju, malinju, sabe, sangkok, tankil (Peninsular), sabong (Iban). Philippines: bago (general), bago, magatungal (Lanao, Cotabato), bago, bagu (Bataan, Tayabas, Camarines), banago (Visaya, Bohol), kunan (Davao), nabo (Bicol). Papua New Guinea: ambian, ambiamtupe (Maring), doro (Valaila), genda (Buna), suffitz (Yalu), tu-a (Suku). Singapura: melindjo. Thailand: puk miang (general), pee sae, phak miang (Thai), liang, miang phak kaniang, pak kaliang, peedae, phak (Southern Thailand). Vietnam: bet, gam cay, rau danh. English: Spanish koint fir (Asyira et al. 2016; Cadiz and Florido 2001; Chuakul et al. 2004; Manangka et al. 2017; Markgraf 1948; Neamsuvan et al. 2013; Rahayu et al. 2019; Royyani et al. 2018; Sunarti and Rugayah 2013; Ting et al. 2017; Walker 2016)