MALE EFFECT: SUSTAINABILITY AND EFFECTIVENESS IN INDUCING ESTRUS IN GOATS/EFECTO MACHO: SOSTENIBILIDAD Y EFICIENCIA EN LA INDUCCIÓN DEL CELO EN CABRAS

The male effect is a strategy used in reproductive management of herds for the induction and synchronization of estrus, consisting of the reintroduction of males into a group of previously separated females. This interaction induces an increase in LH pulses followed by ovulation. In all species, there are communication mechanisms, many involving the use of chemoreceptor organs that enable the perception of pheromones, mediators in intraspecies interaction related to recognition for mating. Synchronization of female estrus by the male effect has many advantages reported by several authors, such as the reduction of costs, the absence of undesirable immune response by the use of chorionic gonadotropin, the decrease of hormonal residues in treated females, thus complying with ecological and sustainable production principles in animal production. El efecto macho es una estrategia usada en el manejo reproductivo de los rebaños para la inducción y sincronización del celo, consistiendo en la reintroducción de machos en un grupo de hembras previamente separadas. Esta interacción induce un incremento en los pulsos de LH seguidos por la ovulación. En todas las especies, existen unos mecanismos de comunicación, algunos involucran el uso de órganos quimiorreceptores que permiten la percepción de feromonas, mediadores en las interacciones intraespecíes relacionados con el reconocimiento para el apareamiento. La sincronización del celo en las hembras por el efecto macho tiene varias ventajas reportadas por diversos autores, tales como la reducción de costos, la ausencia de una respuesta inmune indeseada por el uso de gonadotropina coriónica, la disminución de residuos hormonales en las hembras tratadas, cumpliendo con los principios de una producción ecológica y sostenible en la producción animal.

Heat Stress and Body Temperature in Brown Swiss Cows Raised in Semi-Arid Climate of Ceará State, Brazil

Background: In tropical countries like Brazil, air temperature and relative humidity have a significant effect on animal physiology; there is a great impact of solar radiation on physiological parameters, especially on body temperature. This study evaluated the occurrence of heat stress in Brown Swiss cows in a tropical semi-arid climate, and checked for the correlation between internal body temperatures [rectal temperature (RT) and vaginal temperature (VT)] with surface temperature (ST) to determine if these variables are associated.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-eight Brown Swiss cows at three stages of the lactation cycle were used in this study: 10 nonpregant lactating (NPL) cows, 8 dry pregnant (DP) cows, and 10 pregnant lactating (PL) cows. These animals were between the second and third calving, weighed between 346 and 720 kg, and had ages between 2 and 13 years. During the experimental period, air temperature and relative humidity (RH) at the experimental site were measured using a digital thermohygrometer. The temperature and humidity index (THI) was calculated according to methodology described by Thom (1958), and was used as an environmental comfort parameter. For the evaluation of RT and VT, two digital clinical thermometers, one inserted in the vagina and the other in the rectum, were used simultaneously to minimize stress. Surface temperature (ST) was assessed using a digital infrared laser thermometer at a distance of 50 cm from the animal. Surface temperature was measured in the forehead (FST), thorax (TST), flank (FLST), and legs (LST). During the study period, the ambient temperature (AT) was significantly higher outside (in the sun) than inside of the facilities (in the shade) (P < 0.05). RH was inversely proportional to AT, and was significantly higher inside than outside the facilities (P < 0.05). Like AT, THI was significantly higher outside (in the sun) than inside the facilities (in the shade), with significant differences between these locations (P < 0.05). The amplitudes of the differences between the locations were as follows: 3.8°C for AT, 6.2% for RH, and 2.6 for THI. Mean values of rectal and vaginal temperatures were not significantly different from each other independent of lactation cycle stage, and were almost always significantly higher than the measured surface temperatures (P < 0.05). The maximum values obtained for each lactation cycle stage in this study were higher when compared to the mean values, showing that they are more representative of the occurrence of heat stress. Correlations between internal temperatures (RT and VT) and surface temperatures (TSF, TST, TSFL, and TSP) were weak and non-significant. ST values exhibited mostly weak, non-significant correlations, with the exception of FST with FLST and LST, which had moderate, significant correlations, as shown by the following coefficient factors: FST x FLST, 0.34; LST x FST, 0.415; and LST x FLST, 0.37.Discussion: A temperature of 34°C with RH ranging from 46% to 80% (i.e., a THI between 83 and 89) has been reported to have a significant thermal impact on dairy Brown Swiss cows; the THI values found in the present experiment were close to those. Body temperatures exhibited significant variations depending on the lactation cycle stage of the cows. Lactation concomitant with pregnancy significantly increases internal temperatures (RT and VT) in DP and NPL cows. This finding may be explained by the fact that pregnancy concomitant with lactation accelerates the metabolism, which results in higher food intake and increased production of body heat with consequent increase in internal body temperature. The maximum values of internal body temperatures (RT and TV) at all stages of the lactation cycle were higher than their corresponding average values, which indicates that some cows exhibited, at given moments, hyperthermia

utjecaj sezonskih promjena tropske klime na reprodukcijske pokazatelje i hormonski status jaraca sanske pasmine

This study evaluated the effects different seasons (rainy, rainy-dry transition, dry, dry-rainy transition) throughout the year on the reproduction and endocrine profile of Saanen bucks reared in a tropical climate. During these seasons environmental data were recorded (ambient temperature and relative air humidity) to calculate the temperature and humidity index. Reproductive parameters were also evaluated in the same periods to check seasonal variations, wherey semen was collected twice a month from nine Saanen bucks using an artificial vagina. Furthermore, scrotal circumference, scrotal surface temperature and serum levels of testosterone, triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and cortisol were measured. The climate parameters influenced the reproductive parameters, mainly during the dry period, when higher values of ambient temperature reduced sperm quality, however, scrotal circumference and surface temperature, as well as serum levels of testosterone increased. In conclusion, Saanen bucks reared in a tropical climate are subject to heat stress, evinced by transient seasonal variations in reproductive parameters, where the first season is the most favorable to reproduction.U ovom je radu istražen utjecaj različitih sezona (kišna, prijelaz iz kišne u suhu, suha, prijelaz iz suhe u kišnu) tijekom godine na reprodukcijski i endokrini status jaraca sanske pasmine uzgojenih u tropskoj klimi. Zabilježeni su podaci iz okoliša (temperatura i relativna vlažnost zraka) za vrijeme različitih sezona kako bi se izračunao indeks topline. Za ista su razdoblja procijenjeni reprodukcijski pokazatelji kako bi se istražile njihove sezonske varijacije u koju je svrhu od 9 jaraca sanske pasmine primjenom umjetne vagine, prikupljano sjeme dva puta mjesečno. Osim toga mjereni su obujam skrotuma, temperatura površine skrotuma te razina testosterona, trijodotironina (T3), tiroksina (T4) i kortizola u serumu. Klimatski uvjeti su utjecali na reprodukcijske pokazatelje, najviše za vrijeme suhog razdoblja, kad veće vrijednosti temperature okoliša smanjuju kvalitetu sjemena jaraca. Obujam i temperatura površine skrotuma, kao i serumska razina testosterona, u navedenoj sezoni su povećani. Zaključeno je da su sanski jarci uzgojeni u tropskoj klimi pod utjecajem toplinskog stresa, što se vidi iz sezonskih varijacija njihovih reprodukcijskih pokazatelja, pri čemu je kišna sezona najpovoljnija za reprodukciju

TERMOGRAFIA INFRAVERMELHA APLICADA AO DIAGNÓSTICO DE MASTITE SUBCLÍNICA

Mastitis is an inflammatory disease of high incidence in dairy herds around the world, resulting in great economic losses in the milk production chain. There are several tests to detect the subclinical form of this disease, where the most applied are the somatic cell count (SCC) and the California Mastitis Test (CMT). However, due to their subjectivity, these tests can result in false-positive diagnoses. Therefore, new technologies have been studied for the early diagnosis of subclinical mastitis, including infrared thermography (IRT), which is a non-invasive diagnostic approach. Thus, this review aimed to discuss the infrared thermography technique and its applicability in the diagnosis of subclinical mastitis. The IRT has been successfully applied in numerous areas of precision animal production, including mastitis diagnosis, showing thermal alterations on the udder surface before the onset of clinical symptoms that are linked to milk SCC. Therefore, the use of this technology is a promising strategy to detect the unhealthy udder state, even in the subclinical form. However, further studies should be carried out to assess the applicability of this technique in commercial herds.A mastite é uma doença inflamatória de alta incidência nos rebanhos leiteiros de todo o mundo, sendo responsável por grandes prejuízos econômicos na cadeia produtiva do leite. Existem diversos testes para a detecção da forma subclínica da doença, sendo os mais utilizados: a contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e o California Mastitis Test (CMT). No entanto, esses testes possuem algumas limitações práticas, como a interpretação subjetiva, o que pode resultar em diagnósticos falso-positivos. Diante desses aspectos, novas tecnologias vêm sendo estudadas para auxiliar o diagnóstico precoce da mastite subclínica, dentre as quais a termografia infravermelha (TIV), que é um método não invasivo de diagnóstico por imagem. Dessa forma, o objetivo desta revisão foi discutir sobre a técnica de termografia infravermelha e sua aplicabilidade no diagnóstico de mastite subclínica. A TIV tem sido empregada, com sucesso, em várias áreas da produção animal de precisão, inclusive no diagnóstico de mastite, sendo relatadas alterações térmicas na superfície do úbere antes do aparecimento dos sintomas clínicos e sua correlação com a CCS do leite. O uso dessa tecnologia se mostra promissor para a detecção do estado não saudável do úbere, mesmo na forma subclínica. Entretanto, mais estudos devem ser realizados para que se avalie a aplicabilidade da técnica em rebanhos comerciais

Fatores que influenciam a preferência pela compra da carne de frango no município de Capanema no Nordeste do Pará / Factors that influence the preference for buying chicken meat municipality of Capanema in Northeastern Pará

Capanema apresenta um mercado no qual se comercializa um montante considerável de carne de frango, com isso compreender os fatores que precedem a compra pode colaborar nas estratégias de comercialização e efetivação da venda do produto em Capanema-PA, considerando as preferências dos entrevistados. Neste sentido, trabalhos que visam identificar as principais expectativas durante a compra ainda são insipientes. O objetivo do trabalho foi identificar os principais fatores que produzem maior impacto no processo de tomada de decisão na compra de carne de frango no município de Capanema-PA. Para isso, foram aplicados 140 questionários estruturados com 22 perguntas objetivas e subjetivas nos meses de março a abril de 2017 em locais como, supermercados, mercado municipal, mercadinhos, feiras e quitandas que comercializam carne de frango em Capanema. Os dados obtidos foram tabulados em planilha eletrônica (Microsoft Office Excel 2010®) e, em seguida, tabela e gráficos foram construídos para análise. A maioria dos entrevistados, representados por mulheres, na faixa etária de 24 a 35 anos, este grupo de indivíduos preocupam-se em adquirir oportunidades promissoras no mercado de trabalho a partir da finalização do ensino médio, bem como a continuidade em nível escolar elevado, gerando melhores condições de trabalho e renda. A tomada de decisão na compra de carne de frango compreende pelo menos duas vezes em um período de 7 dias, cuja preferência do local da compra, são mercadinhos localizados próximos a residência dos entrevistados, cujos estabelecimentos comerciais são de propriedade de conhecidos e amigos dos entrevistados, sendo o preço, o fator atrativo, contudo a qualidade do produto está diretamente relacionada com a higiene, o que preconiza a promoção da saúde dos familiares

ATIVIDADE ANTIFÚNGICA DO ÓLEO ESSENCIAL DE CITRONELA EM SEMENTES DE ERVA-DOCE (Foeniculum vulgare mill.)

Resumo: As sementes são eficientes meios de disseminação e transmissão de patógenos e, freqüentemente, introduzem novos focos de infecção em áreas isentas. No entanto, nas últimas décadas a exploração de produtos vegetais tem se tornado uma alternativa no controle de fitopatógenos em substituição aos produtos sintéticos. Dessa forma, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do óleo essencial de citronela (Cymbopogon winterianus) no controle da micoflora fitopatogênica e na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de erva-doce (Foeniculum vulgare). O experimento foi conduzido nos Laboratórios de Fitopatologia e Análise de Sementes do Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, PB. Foram aplicados os seguintes tratamentos: T1–Testemunha (sementes não tratadas); T2 – Fungicida Captan® e Óleo essencial de citronela nas concentrações de 1,0 (T3), 1,5 (T4), 2,0 (T5) e 2,5% (T6). No teste de germinação avaliaram-se as seguintes variáveis: porcentagem de germinação, primeira contagem e índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG). O delineamento utilizado no teste de germinação foi o DIC com seis tratamentos, distribuídos em quatro repetições de 50 sementes cada. Os resultados mostraram que o emprego do óleo de essencial de citronela na concentração de 2,5% reduziu a incidência de fungos e aumentou a germinação das sementes de erva-doce

Fungos associados com sementes de flamboyant-mirim (Caesalpinia pulcherrima): incidência, efeito na germinação, transmissão e controle

Most pathogens that cause diseases in crops can be transported and transmitted by seeds, with great economic significance. The objective of this work was to assess the incidence of pathogens and their effect in the germination and vigor of Caesalpinia pulcherrima L. seeds. The seed sanity experiment was completely randomized with five treatments, and ten repetitions. The seeds were immersed in extracts of Allamanda cathartica, Momordica charantia and Foenicullum. vulgare for five minutes, and the control was immersed in sterile water. For the germination test, 200 seeds were used, distributed in four replicates of 50 seeds per treatment. The vigor tests consisted of the first count and germination speed index. The evaluation of fungi transmission were performed during the germination test, by counting the symptoms in the primary root, hypocotyl and epicotyl. The treatments reduced the incidence of Cladosporium sp., Aspergillus sp. Rhizopus sp., Penicillium sp. Nigrospora sp and Pestalotiasp..It was also found the fungus Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp. associated with the lesions in the seed integument. The treatments provided a higher percentage of germination of seedlings. Higher percentages of germination were observed when oil extracts of Allamanda cathartica, Momordica charantia and Foenicullum vulgare were used

Precipitação pluviométrica mensal provável em Boa Vista, Estado de Roraima, Brasil

O objetivo deste trabalho foi de estimar a precipitação mensal provável para o município de Boa Vista, RR (2º 49'17" N; 60º 39'45" W e 90 m). Foram utilizados dados de precipitação pluviométrica mensal de 48 anos da série histórica compreendida entre os anos de 1923 a 1997. A estimativa da precipitação mensal provável, em níveis de 10, 20, 25, 30, 50, 60, 70, 75, 80 e 90% de probabilidade, foi obtida utilizando-se as funções de distribuição normal e gama mista. Verificou-se um bom ajuste dos valores mensais de precipitação pluviométrica principalmente à distribuição gama mista, exceto para os meses secos de janeiro e fevereiro. Ficou caracterizada estação chuvosa, compreendida entre os meses de abril e setembro, e seca, entre os meses de outubro e março

Follow-up of children with hemoglobinopathies diagnosed by the Brazilian Neonatal Screening Program in the State of Pernambuco

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the geographical distribution of hemoglobinopathies in the State of Pernambuco, to characterize the children with these diseases and to describe factors associated with their follow-up at the referral center during the period from 2003 to 2010.MethodsA retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out of 275 medical records from a total of 302 children with hemoglobinopathies diagnosed by the National Neonatal Screening Program in the State of Pernambuco in the study period. Microsoft Excel was used for data processing and analysis. The chi-square and the Fisher test were used for statistical analysis. The level of significance was set at 5%. Terra View software was used to analyze the geographical distribution of hemoglobinopathies in the State.ResultsA total of 8.9% of the cases of hemoglobinopathies detected in the period were not followed up at the referral center. For the mothers of children with diseases, this was their second or third or more pregnancy in 64.2% and 30.2%, respectively. Regarding the influence of region of residence and regular medical appointments, the study demonstrated that children from the Zona da Mata, Sertão and Vale do São Francisco regions did not attend 45.2%, 50% and 55.6% of their appointments in the outpatient department, respectively.ConclusionsThis study shows that a significant number of children do not begin consultations in the outpatient clinic and even those who started treatment early and who have the most severe form of the disease, usually miss medical appointments