Severity of diplodia shoot blight (caused by diplodia sapinea) was greatest on pinus sylvestris and pinus nigra in a plantation containing five pine species

The authors thank the Ministry of Forestry for pro-viding the seedlings used in this research. Financial support was provided by SDÜ BAP 3826-YL1-13 and TÜBİTAK – TOVAG (Project No: 114O138).Peer reviewedPublisher PD

The Biosecurity Risks of International Forest Tree Seed Movements

Funding Information: Anne Chandelier was funded by the Belgian Federal Service Health, Food Chain and Environment (project RF21/6344 ALERTSEED). Funding Information: René Eschen was supported by CABI. CABI is an international intergovernmental organisation, and we gratefully acknowledge the core financial support from our member countries (and lead agencies) including the UK (Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office), China (Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Australia (Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research), Canada (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada), Netherlands (Directorate-General for International Cooperation) and Switzerland (Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation). See https:// www. cabi. org/ about- cabi/ who- we- work- with/ key- donors/ for full details. Funding Information: Helena Bragança was supported by INIAV IP and FCT (Portugal) through the R&D Unit “GREEN-IT-Bioresources for Sustainability” (UIDB/04551/2020 and UIDP/04551/2020) and LS4FUTURE Associated Laboratory (LA/P/0087/2020). Funding Information: Guro Brodal and Venche Talgø were funded by the Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO). Funding Information: Thomas L. Cech and Katharina Schwanda were financially supported by the Austrian Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Regions and Water Management (BML), Stubenring 1, 1010 Vienna, Austria. Funding Information: This study was carried out within the Agritech National Research Center and received funding from the European Union Next-GenerationEU (PIANO NAZIONALE DI RIPRESA E RESILIENZA (PNRR)—MISSIONE 4 COMPONENTE 2, INVESTIMENTO 1.4—D.D. 1032 17/06/2022, CN00000022). This manuscript reflects only the authors’ views and opinions neither the European Union nor the European Commission can be considered responsible for them. Funding Information: Ana Pérez-Sierra was funded by the Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (DEFRA) and Forest Research (UK). Funding Information: This study was supported by Partnerskap Alnarp Project 1407, SLU Forest Damage Centre and Kungl. Skogs-och Lantbruksakademien KSLA Grant CF2022-0022. Funding Information: Open Access funding provided by Lib4RI – Library for the Research Institutes within the ETH Domain: Eawag, Empa, PSI & WSL. Iva Franić was funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation Grant number P500PB_211040. Publisher Copyright: © 2023, The Author(s).Purpose of Review: Because tree seeds have been considered a low-risk pathway for the spread of plant pathogenic fungi, their international movement is not subject to strict phytosanitary regulation. However, recent studies have provided scientific evidence that the biosecurity risk of seed trade may not be as negligible as assumed. This review summarises current knowledge about seed trade activity across the world and seed-borne plant pathogenic fungi and highlights knowledge gaps that need to be filled to mitigate the risk of spreading tree pathogens via seeds. Recent Findings: Several outbreaks of severe tree diseases in natural forests and plantations worldwide have been linked to fungal pathogens spread by seed trade. Indeed, recent studies based on modern sequencing technologies have shown that tree seeds harbour highly diverse fungal communities, including well-known pathogens and fungal taxa belonging to unknown species. While it has become clear that even apparently healthy seeds can carry potentially pathogenic fungi, the likelihood of seed-borne pathogens being introduced and becoming established, spreading and causing impact in the new environment is still unclear which challenges the assessment of the phytosanitary risk posed by seed trade. Summary: Our analyses show that large amounts of tree seeds have been traded among countries and continents. Based on published literature, the risk of spreading pathogenic fungi via tree seed movement is high. However, the role of the taxonomically and functionally diverse fungal communities associated with seeds is still poorly understood. In particular, more research is needed to assess the likelihood of seed-borne fungi being transmitted to the seedlings and spreading and causing impact in the new environment.publishersversionpublishe

The possible usage of mycoviruses in biological control against tree pathogenic fungi

Mycoviruses in many organism including plant pathogenic fungi. They are mostly spread intracellularly via asexual and sexual reproduction of the fungi and cause some changes on them. Although many mycoviruses have no clear effect on their hosts, there are also many reports that they cause some phenotypic chances. Especially, they have effect on plant pathogenic fungi by increasing or decreasing their virulence. When they reduce the virulence of the host like in Chestnut canker sample, it is possible to use them in biological control. In this review, mycoviruses detected on some important fungal pathogens of forest trees both in our country and world were introduced and the studies carried out were summarized

FIRST RECORD OF HYLASTES OPACUS ERICHSON AND CRYPTURGUS HISPIDULUS THOMSON, C. G. (COLEOPTERA; CURCULIONIDAE; SCOLYTINAE) FOR THE TURKISH FAUNA

Scolytinae subfamily (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is represented by 135 species in Turkey including 8 species of the genus Hylastes Ericson and 7 species of the genus Crypturgus Ericson. A total of 79 adult individuals of Hylastes opacus Erichson and 6 adult individuals of Crypturgus hispidulus Thomson, C. G. were obtained from log and pheromone traps in pine stands at twelve localities during 2014. H. opacus and C. hispidulus were recorded for the first time in Turkey. H. opacus were obtained from trap logs of Pinus brutia and Pinus nigra and also pheromone traps in P. brutia stands. Adult individuals of C. hispidulus were observed in association with Orthotomicus erosus and Pityogenes pennidens on P. brutia and P. nigra log traps